Water stoppers, also known as waterstops, are essential components in construction projects to prevent the passage of water through joints and expansion joints in concrete structures. Here are some common uses and applications of water stoppers: 1. **Foundation Construction**: Water stoppers are installed in concrete foundation structures, such as basements, retaining walls, and underground tunnels, to prevent water infiltration and seepage. They create a watertight barrier at construction joints, expansion joints, and cold joints, ensuring the structural integrity and longevity of the foundation. 2. **Water Retaining Structures**: Water stoppers are used in the construction of water retaining structures, such as dams, reservoirs, canals, and water treatment plants. They provide a reliable seal at construction joints and movement joints to prevent leakage and maintain the water-tightness of the structure. 3. **Swimming Pools**: In the construction of swimming pools and water features, water stoppers are employed to seal joints between the pool shell and surrounding structures, such as decks and walls. They prevent water from seeping into the surrounding soil and causing damage to the pool structure or adjacent buildings. 4. **Infrastructure Projects**: Water stoppers are utilized in infrastructure projects, including bridges, tunnels, culverts, and underground transit systems, to seal expansion joints and construction joints. They accommodate movement caused by thermal expansion, settlement, or seismic activity while preventing water ingress and corrosion of reinforcement. 5. **Roofing and Waterproofing**: Water stoppers are incorporated into roofing systems and waterproofing membranes to create watertight seals around penetrations, such as pipes, vents, and drains. They prevent water from penetrating the building envelope and causing interior damage. 6. **Hydroelectric Power Plants**: Water stoppers are essential components in the construction of hydroelectric power plants and dams to ensure the integrity of water conduits, spillways, and powerhouse structures. They withstand high water pressures and provide a durable seal against water leakage. 7. **Tunnels and Subway Systems**: In tunneling and subway construction, water stoppers are installed to seal expansion joints, construction joints, and segmental joints in tunnel linings. They prevent water ingress, groundwater infiltration, and soil erosion, maintaining the stability and safety of underground structures. 8. **Industrial Facilities**: Water stoppers are used in industrial facilities, such as wastewater treatment plants, chemical processing plants, and power generation plants, to seal joints in concrete containment structures and chemical storage tanks. They resist chemical attack, abrasion, and UV degradation, ensuring long-term performance in harsh environments. Overall, water stoppers play a crucial role in ensuring the durability, safety, and functionality of concrete structures exposed to water or environmental factors. They provide effective waterproofing and corrosion protection, contributing to the longevity and sustainability of infrastructure projects.