Ascorbate Mineral ascorbates are salts of ascorbic acid (aka vitamin C). They are powders manufactured by reacting ascorbic acid with mineral carbonates in aqueous solutions, venting the carbon dioxide, drying the reaction product, and then milling the dried product to the desired particle size. The choice of the mineral carbonates can be calcium carbonate, potassium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate, magnesium carbonate, or many other mineral forms. Ascorbates are highly reactive antioxidants used as food

Borate Borates in chemistry are chemical compounds containing boron bonded to three oxygen atoms written as B(OR) 3 . In B(OR) 4 - anions, this number increases to four. The borate ion is BO 3 3- . it forms salts with metallic elements. Boron found in nature is commonly as a borate mineral. Boron is also found combined with silicate to form complex borosilicate minerals such as the tourmalines. Borate exists in many forms. In acid and near-neutral conditions, it is boric acid, commonly wri

Tetra Borate Whatever cannot be saved for recovery or recycling should be managed in an appropriate and approved waste disposal facility. Processing, use or contamination of this product may change the waste management options. State and local disposal regulations may differ from federal disposal regulations. Dispose of container and unused contents in accordance with federal, state and local requirements Lithium Tetraborate Ventilation System A system of local and/or g

Penta Borate Even though boric acid adds hydroxide to form B(OH) 4 -, you may find for pKa values and other calculations, the fictitious ions are easier to use. Thus for a typical polyprotic acid, the deprotonation series dihydrogen borate [H 2 BO 3 -; ], hydrogen borate [HBO 3 2- ] and borate [BO 3 3- ] may be written as pH increases. Boric acid can be used to form many polymeric ions. The tetraborate ion, B 4 O 7 2- , is very common; the hydrogen tetraborate ion, HB 4 O 7- , as

Meta Borate In order to find the configuration of the metaborate group the crystal structure of potassium metaborate was determined. The crystals are rhombohedral ar = 7.76A, = 110° 36 with six molecules KBO2. The density is 2.348. The space group is R c(D3d 6 ). All atoms are lying on twofold axes at positions: ±(u, ½-u, ¼) . The parameters were determined by means of two-dimensional Fourier analyses Lithium Metaborate Compounds have different physical and chemical properties from their constituent elements. This is the one principal criterion for distinguishing a compound f

Sodium Benzoate Salt, the most popular of all spices, is a dietary mineral essential for animal life, composed primarily of sodium chloride. Salt for human consumption is produced in different forms: unrefined salt (such as sea salt), refined salt (table salt), and iodized salt. It is a crystalline solid, white, pale pink or light grey in color, normally obtained from sea water or rock deposits. Edible rock salts may be slightly greyish in color due to this mineral content. Chloride and sodium ions, the two major components of salt, are necessary for the survival of all living creatures

Potassium Benzoate Potassium benzoate, the potassium salt of benzoic acid, is a food preservative that inhibits the growth of mold, yeast and some bacteria. It works best in low-pH products, below 4.5, where it exists as benzoic acid. Acidic foods and beverages such as fruit juice (citric acid), sparkling drinks (carbonic acid), soft drinks (phosphoric acid), and pickles (vinegar) are preserved with potassium benzoate. It is approved for use in most countries including Canada, the U.S., and the EU, wh

Copper Benzoate Copper benzoate is the chemical compound with the formula [Cu(C 6 H 5 CO 2 ) 2 . This coordination complex derived from the cupric ion and the conjugate base of benzoic acid. Because copper emits blue when heated in a flame, this salt has found some use as a source of blue light in fireworks.[1] Preparation is easily done by mixing aqueous solutions of sodium benzoate or potassium benzoate and copper sulfate. Solid copper benzoate forms as a bluish-green precipitate and can be c

Bleaching Powder Inhalation Corrosive. Extremely destructive to tissues of the mucous membranes and upper respiratory tract. Symptoms may include burning sensation, coughing, wheezing, laryngitis, shortness of breath, headache, nausea and vomiting. Inhalation may be fatal as a result of spasm inflammation and edema of the larynx and bronchi, chemical pneumonitis and pulmonary edema. Calcium Hypo Chloride Calcium Hypochlorite Hypochlorous Acid

Bromide Bromide compounds, especially potassium bromide, were frequently used as sedatives in the 19th and early 20th century. This gave the word "bromide" its colloquial connotation of a boring cliché, a bit of conventional wisdom overused as a sedative. One can test for a bromide ion by adding dilute nitric acid (HNO 3 ), then silver nitrate (AgNO 3 ). A cream precipitate forms that disappears in concentrated ammonia solution. Bromide is present in typic

Bromate The bromate anion, BrO 3 -, is a bromine-based oxoanion. A bromate is a chemical compound that contains this ion. Examples of bromates include sodium bromate, (NaBrO 3 ), and potassium bromate, (KBrO 3 ). Bromates are formed when ozone and bromide ion react according to the following abbreviated reaction Br- + O 3 ? BrO 3 Bromate is also formed in electrochemical processes, such as formation of hypochlorite ion used in municipal water processes, when bromide ion is present. Addition

Carbonate The carbonate ion is a polyatomic anion with the empirical formula CO32- and a molecular mass of 60.01 daltons; it consists of one central carbon atom surrounded by three identical oxygen atoms in a trigonal planar arrangement. The carbonate ion carries a negative two formal charge and is the conjugate base of the hydrogen carbonate ion, HCO3-, which is the conjugate base of H2CO3, carbonic acid . Barium Carbonate Isolate spill area, provide ventilation and extinguish sources of ignition. Vacuum up spill using a high efficiency particulate absolute (HEPA) air filter

Bicarbonate The bicarbonate ion (hydrogen carbonate) is an anion with the empirical formula HCO 3 - and a molecular mass of 61.01 daltons; it consists of one central carbon atom surrounded by three oxygen atoms in a trigonal planar arrangement, with a hydrogen atom attached to one of the oxygens. The bicarbonate ion carries a negative one formal charge and is the conjugate base of carbonic acid, H 2 CO 3 ; it is the conjugate acid of CO 3 2- , the carbonate ion as shown by these equilibrium rea

Hydrogen Carbonate A bicarbonate salt forms when a positively charged ion attaches to the negatively charged oxygen atoms of the ion, forming an ionic compound. Many bicarbonates are soluble in water at standard temperature and pressure, particularly sodium bicarbonate and magnesium bicarbonate; both of these substances contribute to total dissolved solids, a common parameter for assessing water quality. Ammonium Hydrogen Carbonate At room temperature ammonium bicarbonate is a white, crystalline powder with a slight odour of ammonia that can dissolve in water to give a mildly alkalin

Calcium Hydroxide Calcium hydroxide, also known as slaked lime, is a chemical compound with the chemical formula Ca(OH) 2 . It is a colourless crystal or white powder, and is obtained when calcium oxide (called lime or quicklime) is slaked with water. It can also be precipitated by mixing an aqueous solution of calcium chloride and an aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide. A traditional name for calcium hydroxide is slaked lime, or hydrated lime. The name of the natural mineral is portlandite. Hydr

Chloride The chloride ion is formed when the element chlorine picks up one electron to form an anion (negatively-charged ion) Cl-. The salts of hydrochloric acid HCl contain chloride ions and can also be called chlorides. An example is table salt, which is sodium chloride with the chemical formula NaCl. In water, it dissolves into Na+ and Cl- ions. The word chloride can also refer to a chemical compound in which one or more chlorine atoms are covalently bonded in the mole

Chromate The chromium atoms are in oxidation state +6 in both, and the chromate and dichromate ions are fairly strong oxidizing agents. Chromium in the +6 (or VI) oxidation state is often referred to as hexavalent chromium. In an aqueous solution, chromate and dichromate anions are in a chemical equilibrium. 2 CrO 4 2- + 2 H 3 O + Cr 2 O 7 2- + 3 H 2 O Barium Chromate Barium chromate (or barium chromate oxide or chromic acid barium) is a fine ligh

Bichromate Bichromate is a 19th century photographic printing process based on the light sensitivity of dichromates. It is capable of rendering painterly images from photographic negatives. Gum printing is traditionally a multi-layered printing process, but satisfactory results may be obtained from a single pass. Any color can be used for gum printing, so natural-color photographs are also possible by using this technique in layers. Magnesium Bichromate A chrome pickle treatment for magnesium. Color varies from matte gray to yellow-red. Only fair corrosion resistance (less than 24 ho

Dichromate The chromium atoms are in oxidation state +6 in both, and the chromate and dichromate ions are fairly strong oxidizing agents. Chromium in the +6 (or VI) oxidation state is often referred to as hexavalent chromium. In an aqueous solution, chromate and dichromate anions are in a chemical equilibrium. 2 CrO 4 2- + 2 H 3 O+ Cr 2 O7 2- + 3 H 2 O Ammonium DiChromate Ammonium dichromate is the inorganic compound with the formula (NH4)2Cr2O7. This salt is sometimes known as Vesuvian Fire, because of its use in the formation of tabletop "volcanoes"

Caustic Caustic Soda Incompatibilities Sodium hydroxide in contact with acids and organic halogen compounds, especially trichloroethylene, may causes violent reactions. Contact with nitromethane and other similar nitro compounds causes formation of shock-sensitive salts. Contact with metals such as aluminum, magnesium, tin, and zinc cause formation of flammable hydrogen gas. Sodium hydroxide, even in fairly dilute solution, reacts readily with various sugars to produce carbon monoxide. Caustic Soda Flakes Whatever cannot be saved for recovery or recycling should be managed in a

Cryolite Chronic Effects Ingestion Chronic exposure may effect the skeleton and may result in calcification of ligaments, tendons and muscle attachments to bone. May inactivate enzymes. May cause anorexia, anemia, dental defects and impairment of growth. May also cause gastric, intestinal, circulatory, respiratory and nervous disorders. Lithium Cryolite Acute Effects Potassium Cryolite Skin contact Slight irrigation In case of repeated or prolonged exposure ,risk of allergic dermatitis. Ingestion By ingestion of large quantities: nausea and v

Synthetic Cryolite (Na3AlF6). Synthetic cryolite is a white crystalline powder manufactured from hydrofluoric acid, sodium carbonate, and aluminium. Synthetic cryolite is used chiefly as a flux in the electrolytic production of aluminum as it effectively lowers down the melting point of alumina. It is used in the glass and enamel industries, in bonded abrasives as a filler, in making salts of sodium and aluminum and porcelaneous glass and in the manufacture of insecticides. Cryolite is a relatively safe

EDTA EDTA is a widely-used abbreviation for the chemical compound ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (and many other names, see table). EDTA refers to the chelating agent with the formula (HO 2 CCH 2 ) 2 NCH 2 CH 2 N(CH 2 CO 2 H) 2 . This amino acid is widely used to sequester di- and trivalent metal ions. EDTA binds to metals via four carboxylate and two amine groups. EDTA forms especially strong complexes with Mn(II), Cu(II), Fe(III), and Co(III).[1] EDTA Pure Acid Colours White free flowing crystalline. Assay 99.00 %. Chloride 0.20% Max. Molecular Weigh

Fluoride Fluoride is the ionic form of fluorine. Fluorides are organic and inorganic compounds containing the element fluorine. As a halogen, fluorine forms a monovalent ion (-1 charge). Fluoride forms a binary compound with another element or radical. Examples of fluoride compounds include hydrofluoric acid (HF), sodium fluoride (NaF) and calcium fluoride (CaF2), and uranium hexafluoride (UF6). Ammonium Fluoride Ingestion Do not induce vomiting. Loosen tight clothing such as a collar, tie

Bifluoride The structure, made by Jamie Manson at the Eastern Washington University, Cheney, US, and colleagues, contains copper ions bound to pyrazine molecules in a planar square. Bifluoride ions (HF2-) sit above and below the copper ions. Each pyrazine molecule can bond to one copper ion at each end, to give a potentially infinite copper-pyrazine plane. Bifluoride ions act as bridges between the planes. Ammonium Bifluoride Ammonium hydrogen fluoride is a compound formed from ammonium fluoride and hydrogen fluoride, with hydrogen fluoride molecules occupying spaces in the ammoni

Difluoride Oxygen Difluoride is the chemical compound with the formula OF2. As predicted by VSEPR theory, the molecule adopts a bent structure like H2O, but it has very different properties, being a strong oxidant. Ammonium Difluoride Potassium Difluoride Ingredients Formula Wt. Percent Cas Potassium bifluoride KFoHF Ca. 99 7789-29-9 Corrosive product, hazardous to human health Presents hazards from its ionizing fluorine In case of decomposition, releases hydrogen fluoride Hazardous product for the aquatic environment. Sodium Difluoride Extremely

Hydrogen Fluoride Hydrogen fluoride is a chemical compound with the formula HF. Together with hydrofluoric acid, it is the principal industrial source of fluorine and hence the precursor to many important compounds including pharmaceuticals and polymers (e.g. Teflon). HF is widely used in the petrochemical industry and a component of many superacids. HF boils just below room temperature whereas the other hydrogen halides condense at much lower temperatures. Aqueous solutions of HF, called hydrofluoric a

Acid Fluoride Hydrofluoric acid is a solution of hydrogen fluoride in water. Together with hydrogen fluoride, hydrofluoric acid is a valued source of fluorine, being the precursor to numerous pharmaceuticals, diverse polymers (e.g. Teflon), and most other synthetic materials that contain fluorine. Hydrofluoric acid is best known to the public for its ability to dissolve glass by reacting with SiO2, the major component of most glasses. This dissolution process can be described as follows: SiO 2(s) + 4HF (aq) SiF 4(g) + 2H 2 O (l) SiO 2(s) + 6HF (aq) H 2 [SiF 6

Aluminium Fluoride Lithium Aluminium Fluoride Main effects Hazardous product for human health and the aquatic environment Presents hazards from its ionizing lithium Presents hazards from its ionizing fluorine In case of decomposition, releases hydrogen fluoride. Potential Health Effects No data available for humans Possible irritation of the mucous membranes, eyes and skin Risk of respiratory sensitization. Potassium Aluminium Fluoride Skin contact Slight irrigation: In case of repeated or prolonged exposure, risk of allergic dermatitis Ingestio

Boro Fluoride In Case of Spill or Other Release Sweep or shovel up with a minimum of dusting and collect in plastic container; cover, label and store for later disposal. Flush residue with water to complete clean-up, if permitted by applicable disposal regulations, taking care to keep solution that is formed from contacting eyes, skin and clothing. Ammonium Borofluoride Special Fire Fighting Precautions/Instructions As toxic gases may be present, firefighters should wear NIOSH-approved self-contained breathing apparatus, full protective clothing and goggles for needed eye protectio

Fluoborate Chronic This product may cause severe eye irritation and depending upon duration of exposure, some form of permanent eye damage may occur. Prolonged or repeated skin contact may lead to dermatitis. Exposure to fluorides is associated with fluorosis. Kidney damage, asthma and rheumatism symptoms may occur if exposure standards are exceeded. Chronic effects include excessive calcium precipitation by the fluoride ion in the bones, ligaments and tendons. Prolonged or repeated skin contact will lead to necrosis (death) of the skin Ammonium Fluoborate Organic impurities orig

Fluorobarate Chronic This product may cause severe eye irritation and depending upon duration of exposure, some form of permanent eye damage may occur. Prolonged or repeated skin contact may lead to dermatitis. Exposure to fluorides is associated with fluorosis. Kidney damage, asthma and rheumatism symptoms may occur if exposure standards are exceeded. Chronic effects include excessive calcium precipitation by the fluoride ion in the bones, ligaments and tendons. Prolonged or repeated skin contact will lead to necrosis (death) of the skin. Ammonium Fluoborate Organic impuri

Tetra Fluoroborate Personal Protective Equipments Skin Protection Wear protective rubber gloves and full protective clothing for routine product use.Exposed work clothing should be changed daily and never taken home. Shower daily after work. Ammonium Tetrafluoroborate Delayed Effects There is no chronic toxicity data on this material, however, NIOSH links inorganicfluoborates with inorganic fluorides. Chronic exposure to fluorides is associated with osseous fluorosis - increased radiographic density of bones, mottling of teeth, etc. These conditions will not develop if permissi

Boro Fluoride In Case of Spill or Other Release Sweep or shovel up with a minimum of dusting and collect in plastic container; cover, label and store for later disposal. Flush residue with water to complete clean-up, if permitted by applicable disposal regulations, taking care to keep solution that is formed from contacting eyes, skin and clothing. Ammonium Borofluoride Special Fire Fighting Precautions/Instructions As toxic gases may be present, firefighters should wear NIOSH-approved self-contained breathing apparatus, full protective clothing and goggles for needed eye pr

Fluoro Silicate Eye and Face Protection Splash-proof goggles should be worn when there is danger of splash from solution containing chemical. Protection against splash or mist from solution containing chemical with 8-inch minimum face shield is recommended. Eye protection should be worn in presence of dry chemical, or solution containing chemical, at all times. Ammonium Fluorosilicate Inhalation Remove exposed person promptly to fresh air. If breathing has stopped, pe

Silico Fluoride Symptoms of Exposure Prickling or burning sensation of skin and mucous membranes. Coughing, sneezing,tightness of chest, difficulty in breathing. Acute Inhalation of dust or mist may cause severe mucous membrane irritation and burns. Effects may not be immediately apparent, especially with diluted solutions. First aid procedures should be followed even in cases of suspected contact. Ammonium Silicofluoride Magnesium Silico Fluoride Chronic Causes severe skin irritation and burns. Ingestion or inhalation may be harmful and possibly fatal depending on

Fluoaluminate Ingestion No specific information available, one should obtain medical attention . Skin Remove contaminated clothing, flood skin with large amounts of water. If irritation persists seek medical attention. Eye Immediately flush eyes, including under eyelids, with large amounts of water for at least 15 minutes. Call a physician. Lithium Fluoaluminate Vii Spill Or Leak Procedures Steps to Be Taken in Case Material Is Released or Spilled Wearing full protective equipment, cover spill with dry sand or vermiculite. Mix well and carefully transfer to a cont

Fluroraluminate OSHA (PEL) 2.5 mg/m3 as F ACGIH (TLV): 2.5 mg/m3 as F Animal Toxicity LSSO: Oral-rat: 200 mg/kg; Intraperitoneal-rat: 59 mg/kg; LCSO: No data; Other: Oral-rabbit LDLO: 9 mg/kg. Effects of Overexposure Acute Effects Ingestion May cause nausea, vomiting, cramps and diarrhea. Large doses may cause CNS effects. Poisoning may affect the bladder, kidneys, heart and respiratory system. Lithium Fluoroaluminate Kidneys, Heart and Respiratory System. Chronic Effects Ingestion Chronic exposure may effect the skeleton and may result in calcificatio

Hexafluoro Aluminate Ingestion May cause nausea, vomiting, cramps and diarrhea. Large doses may cause CNS effects. Poisoning may affect the bladder, kidneys, heart and respiratory system. Skin Contact Causes irritation, skin rashes. Eye Contact Causes severe irritation. Inhalation: Causes irritation Lithium Haxafluoroaluminate Chronic Effects Ingestion Chronic exposure may effect the skeleton and may result in calcification of ligaments, tendons and muscle attachments to bone. May inactivate enzymes. May cause anorexia, anemia, dental defects and im

Glutamate Glutamate is a key molecule in cellular metabolism. In humans, dietary proteins are broken down by digestion into amino acids, which serves as metabolic fuel for other functional roles in the body. A key process in amino acid degradation is transamination, in which the amino group of an amino acid is transferred to an a-ketoacid, typically catalyzed by a transaminase. The reaction can be generalized as such L-glutamic Acid Glutamic acid (abbreviated as Glu or E; the abbreviation Glx or Z represents either glutamic acid or glutamine). The carboxylate anion of glutamic acid i

Gluconate Gluconic acid is found naturally, and is industrially manufactured by the fermentation of glucose, typically by Aspergillus niger, but also by other fungi, e.g. Penicillium, or by bacteria, e.g. Acetobacter, Pseudomonas and Gluconobacter.[1] In its pure form, it is a white to off-white powder. It can also be manufactured by electrolytic oxidation[2], although this is a more expensive process. The advantages are a lower microbiological profile, and a more complete reaction, yielding a product with a longer shelf life Potassium Gluconate Pharmacology is the study of how drugs

Hydroxide Barium Hydroxide Specifications Calcium Hydroxide