Glutamate Glutamate is a key molecule in cellular metabolism. In humans, dietary proteins are broken down by digestion into amino acids, which serves as metabolic fuel for other functional roles in the body. A key process in amino acid degradation is transamination, in which the amino group of an amino acid is transferred to an α-ketoacid, typically catalysed by a transaminase. The reaction can be generalised as such:

Hydroxide In chemistry, hydroxide is the most common name for the diatomic anion OH − , consisting of oxygen and hydrogen atoms, usually derived from the dissociation of a base. It is one of the simplest diatomic ions known.

Borax Borax (from Persian burah), also known as sodium borate, sodium tetraborate, or disodium tetraborate, is an important boron compound, a mineral, and a salt of boric acid. It is usually a white powder consisting of soft colorless crystals that dissolve easily in water.

Chloride The chloride ion is formed when the element chlorine picks up one electron to form an anion (negatively-charged ion) Cl-. The salts of hydrochloric acid HCl contain chloride ions and can also be called chlorides. An example is table salt, which is sodium chloride with the chemical formula NaCl. In water, it dissolves into Na+ and Cl- ions.

Sulphate Many examples of ionic sulfates are known, and many of these are highly soluble in water. Exceptions include calcium sulfate, strontium sulfate, and barium sulfate, which are poorly soluble. The barium derivative is useful in the gravimetric analysis of sulfate: one adds a solution of, perhaps, barium chloride to a solution containing sulfate ions. The appearance of a white precipitate, which is barium sulfate, indicates that sulfate anions are present.

Fluorine Fluorine is the chemical element with the symbol F and atomic number 9. Atomic fluorine is univalent and is the most chemically reactive and electronegative of all the elements. In its elementally isolated (pure) form, fluorine is a poisonous, pale, yellowish brown gas, with chemical formula F2. Like other halogens, molecular fluorine is highly dangerous; it causes severe chemical burns on contact with skin.

Phosphate A phosphate, in inorganic chemistry, is a salt of phosphoric acid. Inorganic phosphates are mined to obtain phosphorus for use in industry. [1] [2] In organic chemistry, a phosphate, or organophosphate, is an ester of phosphoric acid. Organic phosphates are important in biochemistry and biogeochemistry. Sodium Hexa Meta Phosphate Formula.: Na6 P6 O18 M.W.: 612 Physical Status: White Powder P2 O5 Content Min: 62.00% / 65.00 % Chloride: 0.05% Iron: 0.005% Solubility.: Complete

Acetate The acetate anion, [C 2 H 3 O 2 ]-, is a carboxylate and is the conjugate base of acetic acid. The acetate ion is formed by the deprotonation of acetic acid: CH 3 COOH , CH 3 COO- + H+

Thiazolidinedione Thiazolidinedione derivatives are antidiabetic agents that increase the insulin sensitivity of target tissues in animal models of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. In vitro, thiazolidinediones promote adipocyte differentiation of preadipocyte and mesenchymal stem cell lines; however, the molecular basis for this adipogenic effect has remained unclear. Here, we report that thiazolidinediones are potent and selective activators of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR gamma), a member of the nuclear receptor superfamily recently shown to function in ad

Oxalate An oxalate (also ethanedioate) is a salt or ester of oxalic acid. As a salt, the oxalate anion has the chemical formula C 2 O 4 2- or (COO) 2 2- . Consumption of oxalates (for example, the grazing of animals on oxalate-containing plants such as greasewood), or human consumption of Sorrel may result in kidney disease or even death due to oxalate poisoning.

Nitrate In inorganic chemistry, a nitrate is a salt of nitric acid with an ion composed of one nitrogen and three oxygen atoms (NO3−). In organic chemistry the esters of nitric acid and various alcohols are called nitrates.

Molybdate In chemistry a molybdate is a compound containing an oxoanion with molybdenum in its highest oxidation state of 6. Molybdenum can form a very large range of such oxoanions which can be discrete structures or polymeric extended structures, although the latter are only found in the solid state.The larger oxoanions are members of group of compounds termed polyoxometalates, and because they contain only one type of metal atom are often called isopolymetalates

Chromate The chromium atoms are in oxidation state +6 in both, and the chromate and dichromate ions are fairly strong oxidizing agents. Chromium in the +6 (or VI) oxidation state is often referred to as hexavalent chromium. In an aqueous solution, chromate and dichromate anions are in a chemical equilibrium. 2 CrO 4 2− + 2 H 3 O + = Cr 2 O 7 2− + 3 H 2 O

L-Glutamic Acid Glutamic acid (abbreviated as Glu or E; the abbreviation Glx or Z represents either glutamic acid or glutamine). The carboxylate anion of glutamic acid is known as glutamate, and this is one of the 20 proteinogenic amino acids. It is not among the human essential amino acids. Its codons are GAA and GAG.

Aluminium Chloride Aluminium chloride (AlCl 3 ) is a compound of aluminium and chlorine. The solid has a low melting and boiling point, and is covalently bonded. It sublimes at 178 °C. Molten AlCl3 conducts electricity poorly,[1] unlike more ionic halides such as sodium chloride. It exists in the solid state as a six-coordinate layer lattice.

Aluminium Acetate The triacetate forms when aluminium sulfate is mixed with barium acetate. Another synthetic method is by bringing together aluminium hydroxide, acetic anhydride and glacial acetic acid in water, forming the basic aluminium monoacetate

Alum Ferric-Non Ferric Aluminium Sulfate is used in water purification and as a mordant in dyeing and printing textiles. In water purification, it causes impurities to coagulate which are removed as the particulate settles to the bottom of the container or more easily filtered. This process is called coagulation or flocculation.

Barium Chromate Barium chromate (or barium chromate oxide or chromic acid barium) is a fine light yellow powder with the formula BaCrO 4 . It is very insoluble in water, but is soluble in acids 2 BaCrO 4 + 2 H + → 2 Ba 2+ + Cr 2 O 7 2- + H 2 O It is used in some pyrotechnic compositions, especially delay compositions, as an oxidizer.

Borate Borates in chemistry are chemical compounds containing boron bonded to three oxygen atoms written as B(OR)3. In B(OR)4 - anions, this number increases to four.

Aluminium Hydroxide Aluminium hydroxide, Al(OH) 3 , is the most stable form of aluminium in normal conditions. It is found in nature as the mineral gibbsite (also known as hydrargillite). Closely related are aluminium oxide hydroxide, AlO(OH), and aluminium oxide, Al 2 O 3 , differing only by loss of water. These compounds together are the major components of the aluminium ore bauxite.

Aluminium Nitrate Aluminium nitrate is a salt of aluminium and nitric acid, existing normally as a crystalline hydrate, most commonly as aluminium nitrate nonahydrate, Al(NO3)3·9H2O, with a molecular formula weight of 375.13.

Fluoride Fluoride is the ionic form of fluorine. Fluorides are organic and inorganic compounds containing the element fluorine. As a halogen, fluorine forms a monovalent ion (- 1 charge). Fluoride forms a binary compound with another element or radical. Examples of fluoride compounds include hydrofluoric acid (HF), sodium fluoride (NaF) and calcium fluoride (CaF 2 ), and uranium hexafluoride (UF 6 ).

2,-4 Thiazolidinedione Thiazolidinediones or TZDs act by binding to PPARs (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors), a group of receptor molecules inside the cell nucleus, specifically PPARγ (gamma). The normal ligands for these receptors are free fatty acids (FFAs) and eicosanoids. When activated, the receptor migrates to the DNA, activating transcription of a number of specific genes.

Ammonium Oxalate Keep in a tightly closed container, stored in a cool, dry, ventilated area. Protect against physical damage. Isolate from incompatible substances. Containers of this material may be hazardous when empty since they retain product residues (dust, solids); observe all warnings and precautions listed for the product.

Ammonium Molybdate Ammonium Molybdate is an odourless crystalline compound ranging in colour from white to yellow-green. Its chemical formula is as follows; (NH 4 )6Mo 7 O2 4 .4H 2 O.

Sodium Hexa Meta Phosphate Sodium pyrophosphate, also called tetrasodium pyrophosphate or tetrasodium phosphate, is a slightly toxic and mildly irritating colorless transparent crystalline chemical compound with the formula Na 4 P 2 O 7 and CAS number 7722-88-5. It contains the pyrophosphate ion. Toxicity is approximately twice that of table salt when digested orally.[1]. There is a hydrated form, Na 4 P 2 O 7 .10(H 2 O) which has the CAS number 13472-36-1 Tetra Sodium Phosphate Tetrasodium phosphate, is a slightly toxic and mildly irritating colorless transparent crystallin

Calcium Borate Calcium borate (Ca3(BO3)2) is a bluish white crystal with a very defined structure. It can be prepared by reacting calcium metal with boric acid. The resulting precipitate is calcium borate.

1-Thiazolidine-4-Carboxylic Acid A compound of formula (I) or a tautomeric form thereof and/or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and/or a pharmaceutically acceptable solvate thereof, wherein: A:represents an alkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group or an aralkyl group wherein the alkylene or the aryl moiety may be substituted or unsubstituted

Sodium Pyrophosphate Sodium pyrophosphate, also called tetrasodium pyrophosphate or tetrasodium phosphate, is a slightly toxic and mildly irritating colorless transparent crystalline chemical compound with the formula Na 4 P 2 O 7 and CAS number 7722-88-5. It contains the pyrophosphate ion. Toxicity is approximately twice that of table salt when digested orally.[1]. There is a hydrated form, Na 4 P 2 O 7 .10(H 2 O) which has the CAS number 13472-36-1

Aluminium Fluoride Aluminium fluoride is the inorganic compound with the formula AlF3. It can be prepared by treating aluminium hydroxide or aluminium metal with HF. As a solid, its structure resembles that of rhenium trioxide, ReO3, consisting of distorted AlF6 octahedra

Ammonium Nitrate The chemical compound ammonium nitrate, the nitrate of ammonia with the chemical formula NH 4 NO 3 , is a white powder at room temperature and standard pressure. It is commonly used in agriculture as a high-nitrogen fertilizer, and it has also been used as an oxidizing agent in explosives, including improvised explosive devices.

Aluminium Sulphate Ferric Sulfate is sometimes used to reduce the pH of garden soil, as it hydrolyzes to form the aluminium hydroxide precipitate and a dilute sulfuric acid solution.

Copper chromate We are currently having the exterior of some copper coils finished with Luster-On Cobra C conversion coating to prevent cosmetic discoloration during humidity exposure. Does anyone know of any military/commercial/industrial specifications - along the lines of ASTM B912 or Mil-C-5541 - that could be called out on our part drawings to specify this finish?

Glutamic Acid Glutamic acid (abbreviated as Glu or E; the abbreviation Glx or Z represents either glutamic acid or glutamine). The carboxylate anion of glutamic acid is known as glutamate, and this is one of the 20 proteinogenic amino acids. It is not among the human essential amino acids. Its codons are GAA and GAG.

Molybdic Acid Hexaammonium Tetrahydrate Ammonium Molybdate is an odourless crystalline compound ranging in colour from white to yellow-green. Its chemical formula is as follows; (NH 4 ) 6 Mo 7 O 24 .4H 2 O.

Potassium Oxalate Ventilate area of leak or spill. Keep unnecessary and unprotected people away from area of spill. Wear appropriate personal protective equipment as specified in Section 8. Spills: Pick up and place in a suitable container for reclamation or disposal, using a method that does not generate dust.

Ammonium Chloride Ammonium chloride (NH 4 Cl) (also Sal Ammoniac, salmiac, nushadir salt, zalmiak, sal armagnac, sal armoniac, salmiakki, salmiak and salt armoniack) is, in its pure form, a clear white water-soluble crystalline salt of ammonia. The aqueous ammonium chloride solution is mildly acidic

Manganesium Acetate It can be prepared by reacting a potassium-containing base such as potassium hydroxide or potassium carbonate with acetic acid: 2CH 3 COOH + K 2 CO 3 , 2CH 3 COOK + CO 2 + H2O This sort of reaction is known as an acid-base neutralization reaction. Potassium acetate is the salt that forms along with water as acetic acid and potassium hydroxide are neutralized together

Ammonium Hydroxide Ammonium hydroxide(NH 3 [aq]), also known as ammonia water, aqua ammonia, or aqueous ammonia, is a solution of ammonia in water. Technically, the use of the term "ammonium hydroxide" is incorrect because such a chemical compound can not be isolated. However, this term does give a fair description of how an ammonia solution behaves, and is commonly used even by scientists and engineers

Barium Hydroxide Barium hydroxide is the chemical compound with the formula Ba(OH) 2 . Also known as baryta, it is one of the principal compounds of barium. The white granular monohydrate is the usual commercial form.

Monosodium Glutamate Only the L-glutamate enantiomer has flavour-enhancing properties.[4] Manufactured MSG contains over 99.6% of the naturally predominant L-glutamate form, which is a higher proportion of L-glutamate than found in the free glutamate ions of naturally occurring foods. Fermented products like soy sauce, steak sauce, and Worcestershire sauce have comparable levels of glutamate as foods with added MSG. However, glutamate in these brewed products may be composed 5% or more of the D-enantiomer.

Magnesium Chromate

Lithium Borate Lithium borate can be used in the laboratory as buffer for gel electrophoresis of DNA and RNA. It has a lower conductivity, produces crisper resolution, and can be run at higher speeds than can gels made from TBE or TAE (5-50V/cm as compared to 5-10V/cm). At a given voltage, the heat generation and thus the gel temperature is much lower than with TBE/TAE buffers, therefore the voltage can be increased to speed up electrophoresis so that a gel run takes only a fraction of the usual time.

Sodium Acetate Sodium acetate is inexpensive, and is usually purchased from chemical suppliers, instead of being synthesized in the laboratory. It is sometimes produced in a laboratory experiment by the reaction of acetic acid with sodium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate, or sodium hydroxide to name a few bases which contain sodium. CH 3 -COOH + Na+[HCO 3 ]- , CH 3 -COO- Na+ + H 2 O + CO 2

Ammonium Molybdate Tetrahydrate Ammonium Molybdate is an odourless crystalline compound ranging in colour from white to yellow-green. Its chemical formula is as follows; (NH 4 ) 6 Mo 7 O 24 .4H 2 O.

Ammonium Fluoride Ammonium fluoride, [NH4]F, may be obtained by neutralizing ammonia with hydrofluoric acid. It crystallizes as small prisms, having a sharp saline taste, and is exceedingly soluble in water. It decomposes silicates, and thus glass, on being heated with them, a property shared among all soluble fluorides. For this reason it cannot be handled in glass test tubes or apparatus during laboratory work. It also sublimes when heated - a property common among ammonium salts.

Tetra Sodium Phosphate Pyro' is the chemical prefix for oxo acid formed through the loss of one water molecule from two molecules of an ortho acid (dehydration of two molecules by heating). Pyrosulphuric acid is an example ( 2H2SO4 - H2O = H2S2O7). Otho acid is the compound fully hydrated acid or of its salts. Orthophosphoric acid is an example (H3PO4 = P2O5.3H2O), in contrast to the less hydrated form, metaphosphoric acid (HPO3 = P2O5.H2O).

Sodium Oxalate In biology experiments, sodium oxalate, like citrates, can also be used to remove calcium ions (Ca 2+ ) from blood plasma. It also prevents blood from clotting. Note that by removing calcium ions from the blood, sodium oxalate can impair brain function, and deposit calcium oxalate in the kidneys.

Nushadir Salt In nature, the substance occurs in volcanic regions, forming on volcanic rocks near fume-releasing vents. The crystals deposit directly from the gaseous state, and tend to be short-lived, as they dissolve easily in water.

Barium Nitrate Barium nitrate exists as a white solid at room temperature. It is soluble in water, and like other soluble barium compounds, is toxic and should be handled with care. It occurs naturally as the rare mineral nitrobarite.

Thiazolidine-2,4-Dione CAS No : 2295-31-0 Formula : C3H3NO2S Molecular Weight : 117.13 Appearance : white / off white Fine Crystal with lumps Moisture : 1% Max Solubility : Soluble in water Assay : 99.00 % Other Impurity : less than 1.00%

Barium Chloride Barium chloride is the ionic chemical compound with the formula BaCl 2 . It is one of the most important water-soluble salts of barium. Like other barium salts, it is toxic and imparts a yellow-green coloration to a flame. It is also hygroscopic.

Calcium Nitrate Calcium nitrate, also called Norgessalpeter (Norwegian saltpeter) is the inorganic compound with the formula Ca(NO 3 ) 2 . This colourless salt absorbs moisture from the air and is commonly found as a tetrahydrate. It is mainly used as a component in fertilizers. Nitrocalcite is the name for hydrated calcium nitrate that forms as an efflorescence where manure contacts concrete or limestone in a dry environment as in stables or caverns.

Disodium Oxalate Disodium oxalate is a sodium salt of oxalic acid with the molecular formula Na 2 C 2 O 4 . It can act as a reducing agent, and it may be used as a primary standard for standardizing potassium permanganate (KMnO 4 ) solutions

Potassium Borate Borate esters are organic compounds of the type B(OR)3 where R is an organic residue (for example alkyl or aryl). Borate esters include trimethyl borate, B(OCH3)3, which is used as a precursor to boronic esters for Suzuki couplings

Baryta Barium hydroxide is the chemical compound with the formula Ba(OH) 2 . Also known as baryta, it is one of the principal compounds of barium. The white granular monohydrate is the usual commercial form.

Potassium Acetate It can be prepared by reacting a potassium-containing base such as potassium hydroxide or potassium carbonate with acetic acid: 2CH 3 COOH + K 2 CO 3 , 2CH 3 COOK + CO 2 + H 2 O This sort of reaction is known as an acid-base neutralization reaction. Potassium acetate is the salt that forms along with water as acetic acid and potassium hydroxide are neutralized together. Conditions/substances to avoid are: moisture, heat, flames, ignition sources, and strong oxidizing agents.

Sodium Glutamate Monosodium glutamate, sodium glutamate, flavour enhancer 621, EU food additive code: E621, HS code: 29224220 (IUPAC name 2-aminopentanedioic acid. Also known as 2-aminoglutaric acid), commonly known as MSG, Ajinomoto, Vetsin, or Accent, is a sodium salt of glutamic acid. MSG is a food additive and it is commonly marketed as a "flavour enhancer".

Ammonium Heptamolybdate Ammonium Molybdate is an odourless crystalline compound ranging in colour from white to yellow-green. Its chemical formula is as follows; (NH 4 ) 6 Mo 7 O 24 .4H 2 O.

Barium Fluoride Barium fluoride (BaF2) is a chemical compound of barium and fluorine, also known as Barium(II) fluoride. It is a solid which can be a transparent crystal. It occurs in nature as the mineral frankdicksonite

Aluminium Sulphate Non-Ferric Aluminium sulfate is usually found in baking powder, where there is controversy over its use due to concern regarding the safety of adding aluminum to the diet.

Bichromate Bichromate is a 19th century photographic printing process based on the light sensitivity of dichromates. It is capable of rendering painterly images from photographic negatives. Gum printing is traditionally a multi-layered printing process, but satisfactory results may be obtained from a single pass. Any color can be used for gum printing, so natural-color photographs are also possible by using this technique in layers.

Zinc Oxalate Keep in a tightly closed container, stored in a cool, dry, ventilated area. Protect against physical damage. Isolate from incompatible substances. Containers of this material may be hazardous when empty since they retain product residues (dust, solids); observe all warnings and precautions listed for the product

Magnesium Bichromate A chrome pickle treatment for magnesium. Color varies from matte gray to yellow-red. Only fair corrosion resistance (less than 24 hours 20% salt spray resistance). A dichromate treatment for magnesium. Color varies from light brown to dark brown to gray depending on alloy. Only fair corrosion resistance (less than 24 hours 20% salt spray resistance).

Calcium Chloride Calcium chloride (CaCl 2 ), is an ionic compound of calcium and chlorine. It is highly soluble in water and it is deliquescent. It is a salt that is solid at room temperature, and it behaves as a typical ionic halide. It has several common applications such as brine for refrigeration plants, ice and dust control on roads, and in cement. It can be produced directly from limestone, but large amounts are also produced as a by-product of the Solvay process. Because of its hygroscopic nature, it must be kept in tightly-sealed containers.

Sodium Borate Borax (from Persian burah[1][2]), also called sodium borate, or sodium tetraborate, or disodium tetraborate, is an important boron compound, a mineral, and a salt of boric acid. It is usually a white powder consisting of soft colorless crystals that dissolve easily in water.

Calcium Hydroxide Calcium hydroxide, traditionally called slaked lime, hydrated lime, or pickling lime, is a chemical compound with the chemical formula Ca(OH) 2 . It is a colourless crystal or white powder, and is obtained when calcium oxide (called lime or quicklime) is mixed, or "slaked" with water. It can also be precipitated by mixing an aqueous solution of calcium chloride and an aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide.

Calcium Fluoride Calcium fluoride (CaF 2 ) is an insoluble ionic compound of calcium and fluorine. It occurs naturally as the mineral fluorite (also called fluorspar), and it is the source of most of the world's fluorine. This insoluble solid adopts a cubic structure wherein calcium is coordinated to eight fluoride anions and each F- ion is surrounded by four Ca 2 + ions.[1].

Copper Nitrate Copper(II) nitrate is the chemical compound with the formula Cu(NO 3 ) 2 . Commonly referred to simply as copper nitrate, the anhydrous form is a blue, crystalline solid. Hydrated forms of copper nitrate, also blue, are commonly used in school laboratories to demonstrate chemical voltaic cell reactions. The hydrated and anhydrous species have remarkably different properties, illustrating the effect of water of crystallization.

Ammonium Sulphate Ammonium sulfate, ((NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 ), is an inorganic chemical compound commonly used as a fertilizer. It contains 21% nitrogen as ammonium ions and 24% sulfur as sulfate ions.

Disodium Pyrophosphate Disodium pyrophosphate is a buffering and chelating agent used in canned seafood, as a scald agent in poultry and pork, as a sequesterant in potato products, and is used to aid leavening in baked goods.

Sodium Molybdate Sodium molybdate was first synthesized by the method of hydration.[2]; A more convenient synthesis is done by dissolving MoO 3 in sodium hydroxide at 50-70 °C and crystallizing the filtered product.[1] The anhydrous salt is prepared by heating to 100 °C. MoO 3 + 2NaOH , Na 2 MoO 4 ·2H 2 O

Zinc Acetate Zinc acetate is the chemical compound with the formula Zn(O 2 CCH 3 ) 2 but more commonly refers to the dihydrate Zn(O 2 CCH 3 )2(H 2 O) 2 . Both the hydrate and the anhydrous forms are colorless solids that are commonly used in chemical synthesis and as dietary supplements. Zinc acetates are prepared by the action of acetic acid on zinc carbonate or zinc metal.

Monosodium Glutamate Monosodium glutamate, also known as sodium glutamate and MSG, is a sodium salt of the non-essential amino acid glutamic acid. It is used as a food additive and is commonly marketed as a flavour enhancer. It has the HS code 29224220 and the E number E621.

Sodium Acid Pyro Phosphate Sodium acid pyrophosphate is a buffering and chelating agent used in canned seafood, as a scald agent in poultry and pork, as a sequesterant in potato products, and is used to aid leavening in baked goods.

Barium Sulphate Barium sulfate is a white crystalline solid with the chemical formula BaSO 4 . It is poorly soluble in water and other traditional solvents but is soluble in concentrated sulfuric acid. The mineral barite is composed largely of barium sulfate and is a common ore of barium sulphate

Calcium Bichromate An electromagnetic steel sheet has an electrically insulating coating with superior weldability, formed by coating a treatment solution on the electromagnetic steel sheet and baking the same, the treatment solution containing a synthetic resin fine-particle emulsion having resistance against chromic and/or bichromic acid and exhibiting a peak temperature not lower than 400°C at which a weight change rate is maximized when a sample is heated at a constant rate in differential thermal gravimetry, a chromate and/or bichromate base aqueous solution containing at least one kin

Bromide Bromide compounds, especially potassium bromide, were frequently used as sedatives in the 19th and early 20th century. This gave the word "bromide" its colloquial connotation of a boring cliché, a bit of conventional wisdom overused as a sedative. One can test for a bromide ion by adding dilute nitric acid (HNO 3 ), then silver nitrate (AgNO 3 ). A cream precipitate forms that disappears in concentrated ammonia solution. Bromide is present in typical seawater (35 PSU) with a concentration of aroud 65 mg/l, which is around 0.2% of all dissolved salts.

Fluorspar Fluorspar is a mineral composed of calcium fluoride, CaF 2 . It is an isometric mineral with a cubic habit, though octahedral and more complex isometric forms are not uncommon. Cubic crystals up to 20cm across have been found at Dalnegorsk, Russia.[1] Crystal twinning is common and adds complexity to the observed crystal habits.

Lithium Nitrate Lithium nitrate is an inorganic compound with the formula LiNO3. This deliquescent colourless salt is an oxidizing agent used in the manufacture of red-colored fireworks and flares.

Copper Chloride Copper(II) chloride dissociates in aqueous solution to give the blue color of [Cu(H 2 O) 6 ] 2+ and yellow or red color of the halide complexes of the formula [CuCl 2+x ] x- . Concentrated solutions of CuCl 2 appear green because of the combination of these various chromophores. The color of the dilute solution depends on temperature, being green around 100 °C and blue at room temperature.[2] When copper(II) chloride is heated in a flame, it emits a green-blue colour

Calcium Diglutamate Calcium diglutamate is a compound with formula Ca(C5H8NO4)2. It is a calcium acid salt of glutamic acid..It has the E number "E623".

Zinc Borate Zinc borate is a multifunctional boron-based fire retardant with the chemical composition xZnO.yB2O 3 .zH 2 O. It imparts benefits to a wide variety of polymer compounds

Slaked lime Calcium hydroxide, traditionally called slaked lime, hydrated lime, or pickling lime, is a chemical compound with the chemical formula Ca(OH) 2 . It is a colourless crystal or white powder, and is obtained when calcium oxide (called lime or quicklime) is mixed, or "slaked" with water.

Bromate The bromate anion, BrO 3 -, is a bromine-based oxoanion. A bromate is a chemical compound that contains this ion. Examples of bromates include sodium bromate, (NaBrO 3 ), and potassium bromate, (KBrO 3 ).

Potassium Molybdate The smaller anions, MoO 4 2 - and Mo 2 O 7 2 - contain only 4 coordinate molybdenum, MoO 4 2 - is tetrahedral and Mo 2 O 7 2 - can be considered to be two tetrahedra sharing a corner, i.e. with a single bridging O atom.[1]. In the larger anions Molybdenum is generally, but not exclusively, 6 coordinate with edges or vertices of the MoO6 octahedra being shared.

Hydrated lime Calcium hydroxide, traditionally called slaked lime, hydrated lime, or pickling lime, is a chemical compound with the chemical formula Ca(OH) 2 . It is a colourless crystal or white powder, and is obtained when calcium oxide (called lime or quicklime) is mixed, or "slaked" with water.

Tetraborate The borate ion is BO33 -. it forms salts with metallic elements. Boron found in nature is commonly as a borate mineral. Boron is also found combined with silicate to form complex borosilicate minerals such as the tourmalines.

Fluorite Fluorite (also called fluorspar) is a mineral composed of calcium fluoride, CaF 2 . It is an isometric mineral with a cubic habit, though octahedral and more complex isometric forms are not uncommon. Cubic crystals up to 20 cm across have been found at Dalnegorsk, Russia.[1] Crystal twinning is common and adds complexity to the observed crystal habits.

Calcium Sulphate The hemihydrate (CaSO 4 .~0.5H 2 O) is better known as plaster of Paris, while the dihydrate (CaSO 4 .2H 2 O) occurs naturally as gypsum. The anhydrous form occurs naturally as β-anhydrite. Depending on the method of calcination of calcium sulfate dihydrate, specific hemihydrates are sometimes distinguished: alpha-hemihydrate and beta-hemihydrate. [2] They appear to differ only in crystal size. Alpha-hemihydrate crystals are more prismatic than beta-hemihydrate crystals and when mixed with water form a much stronger and harder superstructure.

Sodium Tripoly Phosphate Sodium tripolyphosphate (STPP, sometimes STP or sodium triphosphate or TPP[1]), with formula Na 5 P 3 O 10 , is a polyphosphate of sodium. It is the sodium salt of triphosphoric acid. Sodium Phosphate Sodium phosphate is a generic term for the salts of sodium and phosphate

Disodium Molybdate Dihydrate Sodium molybdate was first synthesized by the method of hydration. [2] ; A more convenient synthesis is done by dissolving MoO 3 in sodium hydroxide at 50-70 °C and crystallizing the filtered product. [1] The anhydrous salt is prepared by heating to 100 °C.

Barium Bromide General Information: Use proper personal protective equipment as indicated in Section 8. Spills/Leaks: Vacuum or sweep up material and place into a suitable disposal container. Wash area with soap and water. Clean up spills immediately, observing precautions in the Protective Equipment section. Avoid generating dusty conditions. Provide ventilation.

Lithium Bichromate Inhalation : Inhalation produces damaging effects on the mucous membranes and upper respiratory tract. May cause ulceration and perforation of the nasal septum. Symptoms may include irritation of the nose and throat, coughing, and labored breathing. May cause lung edema, a medical emergency. May produce pulmonary sensitization or allergic asthma.

Cuprous Chloride Copper(II) chloride dissociates in aqueous solution to give the blue color of [Cu(H 2 O) 6 ] 2+ and yellow or red color of the halide complexes of the formula [CuCl 2+x ] x- . Concentrated solutions of CuCl 2 appear green because of the combination of these various chromophores. The color of the dilute solution depends on temperature, being green around 100 °C and blue at room temperature.[2] When copper(II) chloride is heated in a flame, it emits a green-blue colour

Calcium Glutamate Calcium diglutamate is a compound with formula Ca(C5H8NO4)2. It is a calcium acid salt of glutamic acid.

Ammonium Bromate Keep in a tightly closed container, stored in a cool, dry, ventilated area. Protect against physical damage. Isolate from acids and alkalis. Containers of this material may be hazardous when empty since they retain product residues (dust, solids); observe all warnings and precautions listed for the product.

Magnesium Nitrate Magnesium nitrate is a hygroscopic salt with the formula Mg(NO 3 ) 2 . In air, it quickly forms the hexahydrate with the formula Mg(NO 3 ) 2 ·6H 2 O (and molar weight of 256.41 g/mol). It is very soluble in both water and ethanol.

Cupric Chloride Copper(II) chloride dissociates in aqueous solution to give the blue color of [Cu(H 2 O) 6 ] 2+ and yellow or red color of the halide complexes of the formula [CuCl 2+x ] x- . Concentrated solutions of CuCl 2 appear green because of the combination of these various chromophores. The color of the dilute solution depends on temperature, being green around 100 °C and blue at room temperature.[2] When copper(II) chloride is heated in a flame, it emits a green-blue colour

Potassium Glutamate Monopotassium glutamate is a compound with formula KC5H8NO4. It is a potassium acid salt of glutamic acid. It has the E number "E622".

Potassium Iodate Potassium iodate (KIO 3 ) is a chemical compound. It is sometimes used in radiation treatment, as it can replace radioactive iodine from the thyroid. See potassium iodide for more information on this use.

Chromium Sulphate Masking product for a chromium sulphate-based tanning agent ensuring the delayed association of chromium ions in solution to promote their absorption into the materials to be tanned. Said product comprises a mixture of alkaline formate and alkaline sulphite reacting synergically to ensure that the chromium sets almost completely and irreversibly on the skins. The invention is characterized by almost complete burnup of the tanning baths and a subsequent low salting out rate.

Diphosphate A phosphate salt forms when a positively charged ion attaches to the negatively charged oxygen atoms of the ion, forming an ionic compound. Many phosphates are insoluble in water at standard temperature and pressure, except for the alkali metal salts.

Sodium Molybdate Sodium molybdate was first synthesized by the method of hydration. [2] ; A more convenient synthesis is done by dissolving MoO 3 in sodium hydroxide at 50-70 °C and crystallizing the filtered product. [1] The anhydrous salt is prepared by heating to 100 °C.

Magnesium Bromide Magnesium bromide (MgBr 2 ) is a chemical compound of magnesium and bromine that is white and very deliquescent. It is often used as a mild sedative. Substances to avoid are: chlorine.

Pickling lime Calcium hydroxide, traditionally called slaked lime, hydrated lime, or pickling lime, is a chemical compound with the chemical formula Ca(OH) 2 . It is a colourless crystal or white powder, and is obtained when calcium oxide (called lime or quicklime) is mixed, or "slaked" with water.

Sodium Bichromate The excess dichromate is determined by titration against sodium thiosulfate. Subtracting the amount of excess dichromate from the initial amount, gives the amount of ethanol present. Accuracy can be improved by calibrating the dichromate solution against a blank.

Lithium Tetraborate Personal Respirators (NIOSH Approved): For conditions of use where exposure to dust or mist is apparent and engineering controls are not feasible, a particulate respirator (NIOSH type N95 or better filters) may be worn. If oil particles (e.g. lubricants, cutting fluids, glycerine, etc.) are present, use a NIOSH type R or P filter. For emergencies or instances where the exposure levels are not known, use a full-face positive-pressure, air-supplied respirator. WARNING: Air-purifying respirators do not protect workers in oxygen-deficient atmospheres.

Potassium Nitrate Potassium nitrate is a chemical compound with the chemical formula KNO 3 . A naturally occurring mineral source of Nitrogen, KNO 3 constitutes a critical oxidizing component of black powder/gunpowder. In the past it was also used for several kinds of burning fuses, including slow matches.

Chromium Fluoride A novel approach to the preparation of a porous chromium fluoride catalyst with a large surface area is reported. The pores were generated by introduction of a siliceous material into the precursor of the catalyst and then removal of the material by reaction with anhydrous hydrogen fluoride. During the reaction, the formation and escape of a volatile gas (SiF 4 ) from the precursor enlarged the surface area of the chromium fluoride

Calcium Bromate Electrochemical processes, such as formation of hypochlorite, will also form bromate, when bromide ion is present in the brine solution used to make hypochlorite

Ammonium Bromide Ammonium bromide, NH 4 Br, is a substance used in manufacturing photographic chemicals and emulsion. It is also used as a flame retardant. Ammonium bromide can be prepared by the direct action of hydrogen bromide on ammonia. The chemical crystallizes in colourless prisms, possessing a saline taste; it sublimes on heating and is easily soluble in water. On exposure to air it gradually assumes a yellow colour and becomes acid in its reaction.

Chromium Chloride Chromium(III) chloride (also called chromic chloride) is a violet coloured solid with the formula CrCl 3 . The most common form of CrCl 3 sold commercially is a dark green hexahydrate with the formula [CrCl 2 (H 2 O) 4 ]Cl.2H 2 O. Two other hydrates are known, pale green [CrCl(H 2 O) 5 ]Cl 2 .H 2 O and violet [Cr(H 2 O) 6 ]Cl 3 . The unique feature of chromium(III) chlorides is the series of [CrCl 3 -n(H 2 O)n] z+ , each of which is isolable.

Potassium Bichromate The concentration of ethanol in a sample can be determined by back titration with acidified potassium dichromate. Reacting the sample with an excess of potassium dichromate, all ethanol is oxidized to acetic acid C 2 H 5 OH + [O] → CH 3 COOH

Copper Hydroxide Copper(II) hydroxide (chemical formula Cu(OH) 2 ) is the hydroxide of the metal copper. Copper hydroxide is a pale blue, gelatinous solid. Some forms of copper(II) hydroxide are sold as "stabilized" copper hydroxide, quite likely a mixture of copper(II) carbonate and hydroxide. These are often greener in color

Molybdic Acid Molybdic acid refers to hydrated forms of molybdenum trioxide. The simplest form, the monohydrate, is MoO 3 .H 2 O, the dihydrate MoO 3 .2H 2 O is also known. The solid state structure of MoO 3 .H 2 O consists of layers of octahedrally coordinated MoO 5 (H 2 O) units where 4 vertices are shared.[1] the dihydrate has the same layer structure with the extra H 2 O molecule intercalated between the layers. The salts of molybdic acid are called molybdates.

Diammonium Phosphate Diammonium phosphate (DAP) (chemical formula (NH 4 ) 2 HPO 4 ) is one of a series of water-soluble ammonium phosphate salts which can be produced when ammonia reacts with phosphoric acid. DAP is used as a fertilizer and a fire retardant. When applied as plant food, it temporarily increases the soil pH (more basic), but over a long term the treated ground becomes more acidic than before upon nitrification of the ammonium. It is incompatible with alkaline chemicals because its ammonium ion is more likely to convert to ammonia in a high-pH environment.

Basic Chromium Sulphate Appearance: Fine free flowing, spray dried, Dark Green Colour Powder Cr203 Cont.: 25% + 1% CAPACITY : 33% + 2% pH : 3 + 0.2 PRESENCE OF CHROMATE: ABSENT. CHROME VI CONTENT: ABSENT. MOISTURE CONT. : 6% MAXIMUM. INSOLUBLE: 0.2% MAXIMUM. CHROME VI CONTENT: ABSENT

Copper Fluoride Copper(II) fluoride is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula CuF 2 . It is a white, crystalline, hygroscopic solid. It has a rutile-type crystal structure similar to other fluorides of chemical formulae MF 2 .

Sodium Nitrate Sodium nitrate is the chemical compound with the formula NaNO 3 . This salt, also known as "Chile saltpeter" (to distinguish it from ordinary saltpeter, potassium nitrate), is a white solid which is very soluble in water. The mineral form is also known as nitratine or soda nitre.

Potassium Tetraborate Borax is used for brazing and forge welding flux. It is applied several ways. Brazing rods are coated with it or plain. When using plain rods the end is heated and then dipped in some borax powder which sticks to the rod and begins to melt.

Mono Potassium Glutamate Monopotassium glutamate is a compound with formula KC5H8NO4. It is a potassium acid salt of glutamic acid. It has the E number "E622".

Lithium Fluoride Lithium fluoride is a chemical compound of lithium and fluorine. It is a white, inorganic, crystalline, ionic, solid salt under standard conditions. It transmits ultraviolet radiation more efficiently than any other substance. Uses include specialized UV optics,[1] and as a means to record gamma and neutron exposure in thermoluminescent dosimeters. Lithium fluoride also has a very high electrical resistance due to its wide band gap.

Zinc Bromate Photoactivation will also promote chlorine dioxide or (recently, see below) liquid or gaseous chlorine to also produce bromate in bromide-containing water, when exposed to sunlight

Potassium Bromide Potassium bromide is a typical ionic salt which is fully dissociated and near pH 7 in aqueous solution. It serves as a source of bromide ions- this reaction is important for the manufacture of silver bromide for photographic film: KBr(aq) + AgNO 3 (aq) , AgBr(s) + KNO 3 (aq) Aqueous bromide Br- will also form complexes when reacted with some metal halides such as copper(II) bromide: 2 KBr(aq) + CuBr 2 (aq) , K 2 [CuBr 4 ](aq)

Zinc Nitrate Zinc nitrate (Zn(NO 3 ) 2 ) is a chemical compound used as a mordant in dyeing. It is also a source of zinc ions for chemistry. An example reaction gives a precipitate of zinc carbonate: Zn(NO 3 ) 2 + Na 2 CO 3 , ZnCO 3 + 2 NaNO 3 .

Sodium Tetraborate

Ammonium Glutamate Monoammonium glutamate is a compound with formula NH4C5H8NO4. It is an ammonium acid salt of glutamic acid.

Molybdenum Disulfide Molybdenum disulfide is the inorganic compound with the formula MoS 2 . This black crystalline sulfide of molybdenum occurs as the mineral molybdenite. More so than other transition metal chalcogenides, MoS 2 is unreactive, being unaffected by dilute acids. In terms of its appearance and feel, molybdenum disulfide is similar to graphite and indeed it is widely used as a solid lubricant[1][2] due to its low friction properties, sometimes to relatively high temperatures

Lithium Hydroxide Lithium hydroxide (LiOH) is a corrosive alkali hydroxide. It is a white hygroscopic crystalline material. It is soluble in water, and slightly soluble in ethanol. It is available commercially in anhydrous form, or as the monohydrate

Dipotassium Phosphate Dipotassium phosphate (K 2 HPO 4 ) - also phosphoric acid, dipotassium salt; dipotassium hydrogen orthophosphate; potassium phosphate, dibasic - is a highly water-soluble salt which is often used as a fertilizer, food additive and buffering agent. It is a common source of phosphorus and potassium.

Chromic Chloride Chromium(III) chloride (also called chromic chloride) is a violet coloured solid with the formula CrCl 3 . The most common form of CrCl 3 sold commercially is a dark green hexahydrate with the formula [CrCl 2 (H 2 O)4]Cl.2H 2 O. Two other hydrates are known, pale green [CrCl(H 2 O) 5 ]Cl 2 .H 2 O and violet [Cr(H 2 O) 6 ]Cl 3 . The unique feature of chromium(III) chlorides is the series of [CrCl 3 -n(H 2 O)n] z+ , each of which is isolable.

Copper Sulphate Copper Sulphate : 97% Formula : CuSO4.5H2O Appearance : Blue Crystal Assay : 97.00% + - 1% Cu Content : 24.50% +_ 0.50% Insoluble : 1% Max Free Moisture : 1% Max

Ferrous Sulphate Formula: Fe(SO4).7H2O Assay. 97.00 % Min Fe Content: 19.50% Min Appearance: Blue green crystals. Solubility: 48.6 g/100 g water @ 50C (122F) Density: 1.90 Boiling Point : > 300C (> 572F) Decomposes. Melting Point: 57C (135F) Loses water

Ferrous Bromate Bromate in drinking water is undesirable because it is a suspected human carcinogen. [1][2] The presence of it in Coca Cola's Dasani forced a recall of that product in the UK. [3] Proposals to reduce bromate formation include switching to enclosed atmospheric tank contact systems, lowering the water pH to between 5.9 - 6.3, and limiting the doses of ozone.

Ferrous Chloride Iron(II) chloride, also known as ferrous chloride, is the chemical compound of formula FeCl 2 . It has a high melting point, paramagnetic solid, usually obtained as an off-white solid. FeCl 2 crystallizes from water as the greenish tetrahydrate, which is how the salt is most commonly encountered in commerce and the laboratory

Lead Fluoride An electrochemical cell comprising a lead (II) fluoride cathode, a conductive electrolyte solution such as sea water or a salt-containing organic solvent and an anode of a substance more electropositive than lead fluoride such as magnesium. The cathode preferably comprises lead fluoride, optionally containing an organic binder, a fibrous reinforcement, or a "dope," and an electrically conductive, ionically permeable collector in contact therewith. The cathode may be formed by pressing lead fluoride into a desired shape and then applying metallic collector material ont

Sodium Bromide Sodium bromide is a salt with the formula NaBr, widely used as an anticonvulsant and a sedative in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Its action is due to the bromide ion (potassium bromide is equally effective). It is a high-melting white, crystalline solid that resembles sodium chloride. It is a widely used source of the bromide ion.

Magnesium Hydroxide Magnesium hydroxide is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula Mg(OH) 2 . As a suspension in water, it may be referred to as Milk of Magnesia. The mineral form of magnesium hydroxide is known as brucite. It has a pH of 10.2

Magnesium Tetraborate Boric acid can be used to form many polymeric ions. The tetraborate ion, B4O72 -, is very common; the hydrogen tetraborate ion, HB4O7 -, as well as triborate and pentaborate, are also seen. The various metaborate ions have an empirical formula of BO2 -, and form metaborate compounds. Formation of these complicated, potentially infinite network structures is extensive, perhaps surpassed only by the silicates.

Mono Ammonium Glutamate Monoammonium glutamate is a compound with formula NH4C5H8NO4. It is an ammonium acid salt of glutamic acid.

Disodium Phosphate Disodium phosphate (Na 2 HPO 4 ) is a sodium salt of phosphoric acid. It is a white powder that is highly hygroscopic and water soluble.[1] It is therefore used commercially as an anti-caking additive in powdered products. It is also known as disodium hydrogen orthophosphate, sodium hydrogen phosphate or sodium phosphate dibasic. It is commercially available in both the hydrated and anhydrous forms.[2]

Phosphomolybdic Acid Phosphomolybdic acid, also known as dodeca molybdophosphoric acid or PMA is a component of Masson's trichrome stain. It is a yellow-green compound, freely soluble in water and polar organic solvents such as ethanol. It is used as a reagent in thin layer chromatography for staining phenolics, hydrocarbon waxes, alkaloids and steroids.

Magnesium Fluoride Magnesium fluoride (MgF 2 ) is a white crystalline salt composed of one magnesium ion and two fluoride ions, and is used in the electrolysis of aluminium ore. It is a tetragonal, birefringent crystal.

Zinc Tetraborate Borate esters are organic compounds of the type B(OR)3 where R is an organic residue (for example alkyl or aryl). Borate esters include trimethyl borate, B(OCH3)3, which is used as a precursor to boronic esters for Suzuki couplings.

Sodium Metavanadate Sodium vanadate is a yellow solid which is soluble in water. Its use is limited due to its hygroscopic property.

Magnesium Diglutamate Magnesium diglutamate is a compound with formula Mg(C5H8NO4)2. It is a magnesium acid salt of glutamic acid.

Gluconate Gluconic acid is found naturally, and is industrially manufactured by the fermentation of glucose, typically by Aspergillus niger, but also by other fungi, e.g. Penicillium, or by bacteria, e.g. Acetobacter, Pseudomonas and Gluconobacter. [1] In its pure form, it is a white to off-white powder. It can also be manufactured by electrolytic oxidation [2], although this is a more expensive process.

Iron Chloride Hydrated forms of ferrous chloride are generated by treatment of wastes from steel production with hydrochloric acid. Such solutions are designated spent acid, especially when the hydrochloric acid is not completely consumed. The spent acid requires treatment before its disposal

Citrate Since citric acid is a multifunctional acid, intermediate ions exist, hydrogen citrate ion, HC 6 H 5 O 7 2- and dihydrogen citrate ion, H 2 C 6 H 5 O 7 -. These may form salts as well, called acid salts.

Dimagnesium Phosphate Dimagnesium phosphate is a compound with formula MgHPO4. It is a magnesium acid salt of phosphoric acid. It is one of the compounds that have E number "E343". Hydrogen Phosphate The phosphate ion is a polyatomic ion with the empirical formula PO 4 3- and a molar mass of 94.973 g/mol; it consists of one central phosphorus atom surrounded by four identical oxygen atoms in a tetrahedral arrangement. The phosphate ion carries a negative three formal charge and is the conjugate base of the hydrogenphosphate ion, HPO 4 2- , which is the conjugate base of H

Aluminium Sulphate Aluminium sulfate, written as Al 2 (SO 4 ) 3 or Al 2 O 12 S 3 , is a widely used industrial chemical. It is sometimes incorrectly referred to as alum, as it is closely related to this group of compounds. It occurs naturally as a rare mineral millosevichite, found i.e. in volcanic environments and on burning coal-mining waste dumps. It is frequently used as a flocculating agent in the purification of drinking water[1][2] and waste water treatment plants, and also in paper manufacturing.

Sodium Hydroxide Sodium hydroxide (NaOH), also known as lye, caustic soda and (incorrectly, according to IUPAC nomenclature) [1] as sodium hydrate, is a caustic metallic base. Sodium hydroxide forms a strong alkaline solution when dissolved in a solvent such as water. It is used in many industries, mostly as a strong chemical base in the manufacture of pulp and paper, textiles, drinking water, soaps and detergents and as a drain cleaner. Worldwide production in 1998 was around 45 million tonnes. Sodium hydroxide is the most used base in chemical

Ferric Chloride Iron(III) chloride has a relatively low melting point and boils at around 315 °C. The vapour consists of the dimer Fe 2 Cl 6 (compare aluminium chloride) which increasingly dissociates into the monomeric FeCl 3 (D 3h point group molecular symmetry) at higher temperature, in competition with its reversible decomposition to give iron(II) chloride and chlorine gas.[1]

Magnesium Glutamate Magnesium diglutamate is a compound with formula Mg(C5H8NO4)2. It is a magnesium acid salt of glutamic acid.

Vanadyl Sulphate Vanadyl(IV) sulfate, VOSO 4 , is a blue crystalline solid that is normally stable in room conditions. It is a moderately strong reducing agent, being oxidized in acidic solution to the vanadyl(V) ion and in alkaline solutions to the vanadate ion, both of which are yellow-orange in colour. It is reduced by zinc amalgam to a mixture of green vanadium(III) and purple vanadium(II) ions

Iron Sulphate Ferrous sulfate is applied for the purification of water by flocculation and for phosphate removal in municipal and industrial sewage treatment plants to prevent eutrophication of surface water bodies.

Gluconic Acid Gluconic acid is an organic compound with molecular formula C 6 H 12 O 7 and condensed structural formula HOCH 2 (CHOH) 4 COOH. In aqueous solution at neutral pH, gluconic acid forms the gluconate ion. The salts of gluconic acid are known as "gluconates". Gluconic acid and gluconate salts occur widely in nature because such species arise from the oxidation of glucose. Gluconate esters can also be formed, such as quinine gluconate which is used for intramuscular injection in the treatment of malaria.

Ferric Ammonium Citrate Ammonium ferric citrate (Cas No:1185-57-5, Einecs No.:214-686-6) is a green or reddish-brown powder which is very soluble in water. Ammonium ferric citrate has a slight ammonia odor.

Pentaborate Common borate salts include sodium metaborate, NaBO 2 , and sodium tetraborate, Na 2 B4O 7 . The latter also occurs naturally as the hydrous mineral borax, Na 2 B4O 7 ·10H 2 O. Boron, California contains large borax deposits and is used extensively for borate mining. The Atacama Desert in Chile also contains mineable borate concentrations.

Caustic Soda Pure sodium hydroxide is a white solid; available in pellets, flakes, granules and as a 50% saturated solution. It is deliquescent and readily absorbs carbon dioxide from the air, so it should be stored in an airtight container. It is very soluble in water with liberation of heat. It also dissolves in ethanol and methanol, though it exhibits lower solubility in these solvents than potassium hydroxide. It is insoluble in ether and other non-polar solvents. A sodium hydroxide solution will leave a yellow stain on fabric and paper.

Ammonium Hydrogen Phosphate Ammonium phosphate - Molecular Mass = 149.12g/mol. The normal ammonium phosphate, (NH 4 ) 3 PO 4 , is obtained as a crystalline powder, on mixing concentrated solutions of ammonia and phosphoric acid, or on the addition of excess of ammonia to the acid phosphate (NH 4 ) 2 HPO 4 . It is soluble in water, and the aqueous solution on boiling loses ammonia and the acid phosphate NH 4 H 2 PO 4 is formed. Ammonium phosphate is used as an ingredient in some fertilizers as a high source of elemental nitrogen.

Manganese Fluoride Manganese trifluoride is the chemical compound with the formula MnF 3 . This purplish solid is highly reactive, being unstable in moist air and liberating F2 upon heating. MnF3 is useful for converting hydrocarbons into fluorocarbons; i.e., it is a fluorination agent.[1] R 3 C-H + 2 MnF 3 R 3 C-F + HF + 2MnF 2

Ammonium Ferric Citrate Ammonium ferric citrate is also known as: Ammonium Iron(III) Citrate; Ammonium ferric citrate; Iron ammonium citrate; 2-Hydroxy-1,2,3-Propanetricarboxylic Acid, Ammonium Iron (3+) Salt; Prothoate+; and Iron (II) ammonium citrate

Vanadyl Sulphate Hydrate Vanadyl(IV) sulfate, VOSO 4 , is a blue crystalline solid that is normally stable in room conditions. It is a moderately strong reducing agent, being oxidized in acidic solution to the vanadyl(V) ion and in alkaline solutions to the vanadate ion, both of which are yellow-orange in colour. It is reduced by zinc amalgam to a mixture of green vanadium(III) and purple vanadium(II) ions

Sodium Hydroxide Flakes Sodium hydroxide is completely ionic, containing sodium ions and hydroxide ions. The hydroxide ion makes sodium hydroxide a strong base which reacts with acids to form water and the corresponding salts, e.g., with hydrochloric acid, sodium chloride is formed

Lithium Chloride Lithium chloride is a chemical compound with the formula LiCl. The salt is a typical ionic compound, although the small size of the Li + ion gives rise to properties not seen for other alkali metal chlorides, such as extraordinary solubility in polar solvents (83g/100 mL of water at 20 °C) and its hygroscopic properties.[1

Lithium Pentaborate Lithium borate is similar to sodium borate and has all of its advantages, but permits use of even higher voltages due to the lower conductivity of lithium ions as compared to sodium ions.[3] However, lithium borate is much more expensive.

Potassium Gluconate Pharmacology is the study of how drugs interact with living organisms to produce a change in function. [1] If substances have medicinal properties, they are considered pharmaceuticals.

Perborate It serves as a source of active oxygen in many detergents, laundry detergents, cleaning products, and laundry bleaches.[1] It is also present in some tooth bleaching formulas. It has antiseptic properties and can act as a disinfectant. It is also used as a "disappearing" preservative in some brands of eye drops. Sodium perborate is a less aggressive bleach than sodium hypochlorite, causing less degradation to dyes and textiles. Borates also have some non-oxidative bleaching properties.

Ferric Sulphate Iron(III) sulfate, is a compund of Iron and sulfate (made of sulfur and oxygen atoms). The compound is different from the more common Iron(II) sulfate in that the ratio of sulfate ions to iron ions is larger

Potassium Fluoride Potassium fluoride is the chemical compound with the formula KF. After hydrogen fluoride, KF is the primary source of the fluoride ion for applications in manufacturing and in chemistry. It is an alkali metal halide and occurs naturally as the rare mineral carobbiite. Aqueous solutions of KF will etch glass due to the formation of soluble fluorosilicates, although HF is more effective.

Calcium Hydrogen Phosphate Calcium phosphate is the name given to a family of minerals containing calcium ions (Ca 2+ ) together with orthophosphates (PO 4 3- ), metaphosphates or pyrophosphates (P 2 O 7 4- ) and occasionally hydrogen or hydroxide ions. Seventy percent of bone is made up of hydroxylapatite, a calcium phosphate mineral. Tooth enamel is also largely calcium phosphate.

Sodium Hydrogen Phosphate Disodium hydrogen phosphate (Na 2 HPO 4 ) is a sodium salt of phosphoric acid. It is a white powder that is highly hygroscopic and water soluble.[1] It is therefore used commercially as an anti-caking additive in powdered products. It is also known as disodium hydrogen orthophosphate, sodium hydrogen phosphate or sodium phosphate dibasic. It is commercially available in both the hydrated and anhydrous forms.

Vanadium Oxy Sulfate Vanadyl(IV) sulfate, VOSO 4 , is a blue crystalline solid that is normally stable in room conditions. It is a moderately strong reducing agent, being oxidized in acidic solution to the vanadyl(V) ion and in alkaline solutions to the vanadate ion, both of which are yellow-orange in colour. It is reduced by zinc amalgam to a mixture of green vanadium(III) and purple vanadium(II) ions

Potassium Citrate Potassium citrate is rapidly absorbed when given by mouth and is excreted in the urine as the carbonate. It is, therefore, effective in reducing the pain and frequency of micturition when these are caused by highly acidic urine. It is used for this purpose in dogs and cats, but is chiefly employed as a non-irritating diuretic.

Ferrous Gluconate Iron(II) gluconate, or ferrous gluconate, [1] is a black compound often used as an iron supplement. It is the iron(II) salt of gluconic acid. It is marketed under brand names such as Fergon, Ferralet, and Simron. [2] It is also present in the combination supplement dianazene, a vitamin mixture created by L. Ron Hubbard and used in the religion Scientology. Ferrous gluconate is 11.6% elemental iron.

Lithium Sulphate Lithium sulfate is a white inorganic salt used to treat bipolar disorder (see Lithium pharmacology). It is soluble in water, though it does not follow the usual trend of solubility versus temperature — its solubility in water decreases with increasing temperature. This property is shared with few inorganic compounds, such as the lanthanide sulfates.

Caustic Soda Flakes This type of reaction with a strong acid, releases heat, and hence is referred to as exothermic. Such acid-base reactions can also be used for titrations, which is a common method to determine the concentration of acids. Another type of reaction that sodium hydroxide is involved in is with acidic oxides. The reaction of carbon dioxide has already been mentioned, but other acidic oxides such as sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ) also react completely. Such reactions are often used to "scrub" harmful acidic gases (like SO 2 and H 2 S) and prevent their release into the

Potassium Titanium Fluoride In organic chemistry, PTF is the preferred source of fluoride for the conversion of chlorocarbons into fluorocarbons.[1] Such reactions usually employ polar solvents such as dimethyl formamide, ethylene glycol, and dimethyl sulfoxide.[2].

Ammonium Perborate Ammonium perborate releases oxygen rapidly at temperatures over 60°C. To make it active at lower temperatures (40-60 °C), it has to be mixed with a suitable activator, typically tetraacetylethylenediamine (TAED).

Potassium Hexafluoro Titanate Like other sources of the fluoride ion, PTF is poisonous, although lethal doses approach gram levels for humans. It is harmful by inhalation and ingestion, highly corrosive and skin contact may cause severe burns.

Sodium Perborate Sodium perborate (PBS) is a white, odorless, water-soluble chemical compound with chemical formula NaBO3. It crystallizes as the monohydrate, NaBO3.H2O, tetrahydrate, NaBO3.4H2O and trihydrate, NaBO3.3H2 O. [1]The monohydrate and tetrahydrate are the commercially important forms.

Sodium Citrate Sodium citrate is the sodium salt of citric acid with the chemical formula of Na 3 C 6 H 5 O 7 . Sodium citrate possesses a saline, mildly tart, flavor. For this reason, citrates of certain Alkaline and Alkaline Earth metals (e.g. sodium and calcium citrates) are commonly known as sour salt (occasionally citric acid is erroneously termed sour salt). Sodium citrate is chiefly used as a food additive, usually for flavor or as a preservative. Sodium citrate is employed as a flavoring agent in certain varieties of club soda.

Oxovanadium Sulphate The vanadyl or oxovanadium(IV) cation, [VO] 2+ , is a blue-coloured vanadium oxocation. It is one of the most stable diatomic ions known and forms a wide range of complexes

Potassium Hydrogen Phosphate Potassium Dihydrogen Phosphate has a molecular formula of KH2PO4, while Dipotassium hydrogen phosphate has a molecular formula of K2HPO4. Magnesium Hydrogen Phosphate with orthophosphoric acid. Bright and transparent prismatic, tabular, and isometric habit MHP crystals upto 3 × 2 × 1 mm 3 are obtained. Results of chemical, X-ray diffraction, EDAX, microhardness and magnetic analysis are reported. The average etch pit density is determined by chemical etching to be 7 × 10 3 cm -2 . Microtopographic investigations revealed the mechanism of crystal grow

Sodium Hydroxide Lye Sodium hydroxide slowly reacts with glass to form sodium silicate, so glass joints and stopcocks exposed to NaOH have a tendency to "freeze". Flasks and glass-lined chemical reactors are damaged by long exposure to hot sodium hydroxide, and the glass becomes frosted. Sodium hydroxide does not attack iron since Iron does not have amphoteric properties. A few transition metals, however, may react with Sodium Hydroxide in a vigorous way.

Magnesium Sulphate

Iron Gluconate Iron(II) gluconate, or ferrous gluconate, [1] is a black compound often used as an iron supplement. It is the iron(II) salt of gluconic acid. It is marketed under brand names such as Fergon, Ferralet, and Simron. [2] It is also present in the combination supplement dianazene, a vitamin mixture created by L. Ron Hubbard and used in the religion Scientology. Ferrous gluconate is 11.6% elemental iron.

Manganese Sulphate Manganese(II) sulfate is the inorganic compound with the formula MnSO4. This colourless deliquescent solid is a commercially significant manganese(II) salt. Approximately 260M kg/y were produced worldwide in 2005.[1] It is the precursor to manganese metal and many chemical compounds. Mn-deficient soil is remediated with this salt.

Sodium Iodate Sodium iodate is an oxidizing agent and as such it can cause fires if in contact with combustible materials or reducing agents. It can be prepared by reacting a sodium-containing base such as sodium hydroxide with iodic acid, for example

Zinc Citrate Zinc citrate is an effective way to treat/manage gout and arrhythmia, if the patient is hypokalemic. In common with other substances which render the urine alkaline, it may be used to reduce the danger of crystalluria during sulfonamide therapy. It is widely used to treat urinary calculi (kidney stones), and is often used by patients with cystinuria.

Potassium Perborate potassium perborate is manufactured by reaction of dipotassium tetraborate pentahydrate, hydrogen peroxide, and potassium hydroxide.[1]The monohydrate form dissolves better than the tetrahydrate and has higher heat stability; it is prepared by heating the tetrahydrate.[1] Sodium perborate undergoes hydrolysis in contact with water, producing hydrogen peroxide and borate.

Vanadyl Sulfate Vanadyl(IV) sulfate, VOSO 4 , is a blue crystalline solid that is normally stable in room conditions. It is a moderately strong reducing agent, being oxidized in acidic solution to the vanadyl(V) ion and in alkaline solutions to the vanadate ion, both of which are yellow-orange in colour. It is reduced by zinc amalgam to a mixture of green vanadium(III) and purple vanadium(II) ions

Caustic Soda Lye In 1986 an aluminium road tanker in the UK was mistakenly used to transport 25% sodium hydroxide solution, causing pressurization of the contents and damage to the tanker. The pressurization was due to the hydrogen gas which is produced in the reaction between sodium hydroxide and aluminium 2Al(s) + 6NaOH(aq) → 3H2(g) + 2Na3AlO3

Potassium Fluorotitanate PTF is the primary source of the fluoride ion for applications in manufacturing and in chemistry. It is an alkali metal halide and occurs naturally as the rare mineral carobbiite. Aqueous solutions of KF will etch glass due to the formation of soluble fluorosilicates, although HF is more effective.

Potassium Sulphate Potassium sulfate (K 2 SO 4 ) has been known since early in the 14th century, and it was studied by Glauber, Boyle and Tachenius. In the 17th century it was named arcanuni or sal duplicatum, as it was a combination of an acid salt with an alkaline salt.

Zinc Perborate It serves as a source of active oxygen in many detergents, laundry detergents, cleaning products, and laundry bleaches.[1] It is also present in some tooth bleaching formulas. It has antiseptic properties and can act as a disinfectant. It is also used as a "disappearing" preservative in some brands of eye drops. Zinc perborate releases oxygen rapidly at temperatures over 60°C. To make it active at lower temperatures (40-60 °C), it has to be mixed with a suitable activator, typically tetraacetylethylenediamine (TAED).

Sodium Fluoride Sodium fluoride is an ionic compound with the formula NaF. This colourless solid is the main source of the fluoride ion in diverse applications. NaF is less expensive and less hygroscopic than KF, but otherwise the potassium salt is more widely used.

Vanadyl Sulphate Hydrate Vanadyl(IV) sulfate, VOSO 4 , is a blue crystalline solid that is normally stable in room conditions. It is a moderately strong reducing agent, being oxidized in acidic solution to the vanadyl(V) ion and in alkaline solutions to the vanadate ion, both of which are yellow-orange in colour. It is reduced by zinc amalgam to a mixture of green vanadium(III) and purple vanadium(II) ions

Sodium Hydroxide Prills Sodium hydroxide is produced (along with chlorine and hydrogen) via the chloralkali process. This involves the electrolysis of an aqueous solution of sodium chloride. The sodium hydroxide builds up at the cathode, where water is reduced to hydrogen gas and hydroxide ion: 2Na+ + 2H2O + 2e− → H2 + 2NaOH

Zinc Iodate It is strongly oxidizing in acidic solution, less so in basic solution. When iodic acid acts as oxidizer, then the product of the reaction is either iodine, or iodide ion. Under some special conditions (very low pH and high concentration of chloride ion, e.g. in concentrated hydrochloric acid),

Fumarate A fumarate is a salt or ester of the organic compound fumaric acid, a dicarboxylic acid. Its formula is C 4 H 2 O 4 2- A precursor to L-malate in the Krebs tricarboxylic acid cycle. It is formed by the oxidation of adenylsuccinate by succinate dehydrogenase.

Vanadium Oxysulphate Vanadyl(IV) sulfate, VOSO4, is a blue crystalline solid that is normally stable in room conditions. It is a moderately strong reducing agent, being oxidized in acidic solution to the vanadyl(V) ion and in alkaline solutions to the vanadate ion, both of which are yellow-orange in colour. It is reduced by zinc amalgam to a mixture of green vanadium(III) and purple vanadium(II) ions

Sodium Sulphate Sodium sulfate is the sodium salt of sulfuric acid. Anhydrous, it is a white crystalline solid of formula Na 2 SO 4 ; the decahydrate Na 2 SO 4 ·10H 2 O has been known as Glauber's salt or, historically, sal mirabilis since the 17th century. With an annual production of 6 million tonnes, it is one of the world's major commodity chemicals.

Perchlorate Perchlorates are the salts derived from perchloric acid (HClO4). They occur both naturally and through manufacturing. They have been used as a medicine for more than 50 years to treat thyroid gland disorders. They are also used as an oxidizer in rocket fuel and can be found in airbags, fireworks, and Chilean fertilizers.

Caustic Soda Prills Sodium hydroxide is the principal strong base used in the chemical industry. In bulk it is most often handled as an aqueous solution, since solutions are cheaper and easier to handle. It is used to drive chemical reactions and also for the neutralization of acidic materials. It can be used also as a neutralizing agent in petroleum refining. It is sometimes used as a cleaner

Diammonium Hydrogen Phosphate Disodium hydrogen phosphate (Na 2 HPO 4 ) is a sodium salt of phosphoric acid. It is a white powder that is highly hygroscopic and water soluble.[1] It is therefore used commercially as an anti-caking additive in powdered products. It is also known as disodium hydrogen orthophosphate, sodium hydrogen phosphate or sodium phosphate dibasic. It is commercially available in both the hydrated and anhydrous forms.[

Ferrous Iodate Iodic acid is reduced to iodine trichloride, a golden yellow compound in solution and no further reduction occurs. In the absence of chloride ions, when there is an excess amount of reductor, then all iodate is converted to iodide ion. When there is an excess amount of iodate, then part of the iodate is converted to iodine

Fumaric Acid Fumaric acid is the chemical compound with the formula HO 2 CCH=CHCO 2 H. This colorless crystalline compound is one of two isomeric unsaturated dicarboxylic acids, the other being maleic acid wherein the carboxylic acid groups are cis. It has a fruit-like taste. The salts and esters of fumaric acid are known as fumarates

Tin Fluoride Tin(II) fluoride, is the chemical compound with the formula SnF 2 . This colourless solid is a common ingredient in toothpaste. In the enamel, it converts apatite into fluoroapatite, which is more resistant to attack by acids generated by bacteria. Sodium fluoride and sodium fluorophosphate perform similarly.

Perchloric Acid Perchloric acid, HClO4, is an oxoacid of chlorine and is a colorless liquid soluble in water. It is a strong acid comparable in strength to sulfuric acid or nitric acid. It is a superacid, but it is not the strongest Brønsted-Lowry acid (which is fluoroantimonic acid, HSbF6). Its pKa is −7.

Glauber,S Salt Sodium sulfate is chemically very stable, being unreactive toward most oxidising or reducing agents at normal temperatures. At high temperatures, it can be reduced to sodium sulfide.[4] It is a neutral salt, which forms aqueous solutions with pH of 7.

Potassium Hydroxide Potassium hydroxide is the inorganic compound with the formula KOH. KOH, as it is familiarly known, along with sodium hydroxide, is a prototypical "strong base". It has many industrial as well as niche applications. Most applications exploit its reactivity toward acids and its corrosive nature. In 2005, an estimated 700 - 800,000 tons were produced. Approximately 100 times more NaOH than KOH is produced annually.[1][2][3] KOH is noteworthy as the precursor to most soft and liquid soaps as well as numerous potassium-containing chemicals

Oxovanadium Sulphate Vanadyl(IV) sulfate, VOSO 4 , is a blue crystalline solid that is normally stable in room conditions. It is a moderately strong reducing agent, being oxidized in acidic solution to the vanadyl(V) ion and in alkaline solutions to the vanadate ion, both of which are yellow-orange in colour. It is reduced by zinc amalgam to a mixture of green vanadium(III) and purple vanadium(II) ions

Stannous Fluoride Stannous fluoride was used (under the trade name Fluoristan) in the original formulation of the toothpaste Crest[citation needed]., though it was later replaced with sodium monofluorophosphate[citation needed].. However it is the active ingredient in Crest Pro Health brand toothpaste according to the label on the box and the tube

Zinc Gluconate Zinc gluconate is the zinc salt of gluconic acid. It is an ionic compound consisting of two moles of gluconate for each mole of zinc. Zinc gluconate is a popular form for the delivery of zinc as a dietary supplement.

Ammonium Per Chlorate Ammonium perchlorate (AP) is a chemical compound with the formula NH4ClO4. It is the salt of ammonia and perchloric acid. Like other perchlorates, it is a powerful oxidizer. It is produced by reaction between ammonia and perchloric acid, or by double decomposition between an ammonium salt and sodium perchlorate.

Zinc Fluoride Zinc Fluoride can be synthesized several ways. Reaction of a Fluoride salt with Zinc Chloride, to yield Zinc Fluoride and a Chloride salt, in aqueous solution.The heating of pure zinc metal in an environment of pure fluorine gas. The zinc fluoride vapour would then be cooled.Reaction of Hydrofluoric Acid (HF) with pure zinc, to yield Hydrogen gas (H 2 ) and Zinc Fluoride (ZnF 2 ).

Potassium Iodate Potassium iodate (KIO3) is a chemical compound. It is sometimes used in radiation treatment, as it can replace radioactive iodine from the thyroid. See potassium iodide for more information on this use.

Vanadyl Sulphate Vanadyl(IV) sulfate, VOSO4, is a blue crystalline solid that is normally stable in room conditions. It is a moderately strong reducing agent, being oxidized in acidic solution to the vanadyl(V) ion and in alkaline solutions to the vanadate ion, both of which are yellow-orange in colour. It is reduced by zinc amalgam to a mixture of green vanadium(III) and purple vanadium(II) ions

Disodium Hydrogen Phosphate Disodium hydrogen phosphate (Na 2 HPO 4 ) is a sodium salt of phosphoric acid. It is a white powder that is highly hygroscopic and water soluble.[1] It is therefore used commercially as an anti-caking additive in powdered products. It is also known as disodium hydrogen orthophosphate, sodium hydrogen phosphate or sodium phosphate dibasic. It is commercially available in both the hydrated and anhydrous forms.[

Caustic Potash Potassium hydroxide is usually sold as translucent pellets. Samples of KOH become tacky in air because KOH is hygroscopic. Consequently, KOH characteristically contains varying amounts of water (as well as carbonates, see below). Its dissolution in water is strongly exothermic, leading to a temperature rise, sometimes up to boiling point. Concentrated aqueous solutions are called potassium lyes.

Stannous Sulphate There are some exceptions to the definition above. Certain crystalline compounds are non-stoichiometric compounds because they vary in composition according to the presence or otherwise of elements trapped within the crystal structure. Some compounds regarded as chemically identical may have varying amounts of heavy or light isotopes of the constituent elements, which will make the ratio of elements by mass vary slightly. A compound therefore may not be completely homogenous, but for most purposes in chemistry it can be regarded as such.

Vanadium Sulphate Oxide Hydrate Vanadyl(IV) sulfate, VOSO 4 , is a blue crystalline solid that is normally stable in room conditions. It is a moderately strong reducing agent, being oxidized in acidic solution to the vanadyl(V) ion and in alkaline solutions to the vanadate ion, both of which are yellow-orange in colour. It is reduced by zinc amalgam to a mixture of green vanadium(III) and purple vanadium(II) ions

Bifluoride The bifluoride, or hydrogen(difluoride), ion is the species HF2 -. This centrosymmetric triatomic anion features the strongest known hydrogen bond, with an F - H length of 114 pm[1] and a bond strength of >155 kJ mol - 1.[2] A molecular orbital diagram reveals the atoms to be held together by a 3 - center 4 - electron bond.[3] Hydrogen(difluoride) is written as one word because it is an anion. Hydrogen difluoride would imply an electrically neutral compound, HF2, which does not exist

Dipotassium Hydrogen Phosphate Potassium Dihydrogen Phosphate has a molecular formula of KH2PO4, while Dipotassium hydrogen phosphate has a molecular formula of K2HPO4. The addition hydrogen makes the potassium DIhydrogen more acidic, as pH is a measure of the H+ ions dissolved in a solution

Permanganate A manganate(VII) is a chemical compound that contains the manganate(VII) ion (MnO 4 -). Because manganese is in the +7 oxidation state, the manganate(VII) ion is a strong oxidizer.

Potassium Hydroxide Flakes At higher temperatures, solid KOH crystallizes in the NaCl motif. The OH group is either rapidly or randomly disordered so that the OH- group is effectively a spherical anion of radius 1.53 Å (between Cl- and F- in size). At room temperature the OH- groups are ordered and the environment about the K+ centers is distorted with K+---OH- distances ranging from 2.69 to 3.15 Å, depending on the orientation of the OH group. KOH forms a series of crystalline hydrates, namely the monohydrate KOH·H2O, the dihydrate KOH·2H2O, and the tetrahydrate KOH·4H2O.[4]

Potassium Perchlorate As an oxidizer, KClO4 reacts with a wide variety of fuels. A common example is glucose, C6H12O6.3 KClO4 + C6H12O6 → 6 H2O + 6 CO2 + 3 KCl

Tin Sulphate Compounds have different physical and chemical properties from their constituent elements. This is the one principal criterion for distinguishing a compound from a mixture of elements or substances: a mixture's properties are generally similar or related to the properties of its constituents. Another criterion is that the constituents of a mixture can usually be separated by simple, mechanical means such as filtering, those of a compound are often very hard to separate. Furthermore, when a compound is formed from its constituents, a chemical change takes place through chemical r

Zinc Sulphate Zinc sulfate (ZnSO 4 ) is a colorless crystalline, water-soluble chemical compound. The hydrated form, ZnSO 4 ·7H 2 O, the mineral goslarite, was historically known as "white vitriol" and can be prepared by reacting zinc with aqueous sulfuric acid. It may also be prepared by adding solid zinc to a Copper II Sulfate solution. (Zn+CuSO 4 ,ZnSO 4 +Cu). It is used to supply zinc in animal feeds, fertilizers, and agricultural sprays. ZnSO 4 ·7H 2 O is used in making lithopone, in coagulation baths for rayon, in electrolytes for zinc plating, as a mordant in

Caustic Potash Flakes Complementary to its reactivity toward acids, KOH attacks anhydrides, defined in the broadest sense. Thus, SiO2 and CO2 are attacked by KOH to give the silicates and bicarbonate, respectively KOH + CO2 → KHCO3

Sodium Permanganate Sodium permanganate is the inorganic chemical compound NaMnO4. In this salt, manganese is in the +7 oxidation state. The salt is also known as "permanganate of sodium". The permanganate ion is a strong oxidizing agent. It dissolves in water to give deep purple solutions, evaporation of which gives prismatic purple-black glistening crystals. It has a sweet taste and is odourless.

Sodium Perchlorate Sodium perchlorate is a perchlorate of sodium and has the formula NaClO4. Sodium perchlorate melts with decomposition at 480 °C.[1] Its heat of formation is -382.75 kJ mol-1.[2] It is a white crystalline solid. It is hygroscopic. It is soluble in water and in alcohol. It usually comes as the monohydrate, which has a rhombic crystal structure

Dimagnesium Hydrogen Phosphate Dimagnesium phosphate is a compound with formula MgHPO 4 . It is a magnesium acid salt of phosphoric acid.

Vanadyl Acetylacetonate Vanadyl(acetylacetonate) is the chemical compound with the formula VO(C 5 H 7 O 2 )2. This blue-green coordination complex consists of the vanadyl group, VO 2 + , bound to two acetylacetonate anions, acac-. Like other charge-neutral acetylacetonates, this complex is soluble in organic solvents.

Ammonium Bifluoride Ammonium hydrogen fluoride is a compound formed from ammonium fluoride and hydrogen fluoride, with hydrogen fluoride molecules occupying spaces in the ammonium fluoride crystal lattice. It is the major constituent in glass-etching fluid (though sometimes replaced by potassium hydrogen fluoride), etching occurring due to the fluorination of silicon SiO 2 (s) + 4[NH 4 ][HF 2 ] (aq) , SiF4 (l) + 4[NH 4 ]F (aq) + 2H 2 O (l)

Sulfate The sulfate ion can act as a ligand attaching either by one oxygen (monodentate) or by two oxygens as either a chelate or a bridge.[1] An example is the neutral metal complex PtSO 4 P(C 6 H 5 ) 32 where the sulfate ion is acting as a bidentate ligand. The metal-oxygen bonds in sulfate complexes can have significant covalent character.

Potassium Bifluoride Bifluorides are considered toxic although they are not well characterized. Potassium bifluoride is not listed in the TSCA (Toxic Substances Control Act) inventory on the US. They are all considered irritating to the skin and lungs and toxic by inhalation.

Ammonium Dihydrogen Phosphate Diammonium hydrogen phosphate, or diammonium phosphate, (NH 4 ) 2 HPO 4 , is formed by evaporating a solution of phosphoric acid with excess of ammonia. It crystallizes in large transparent prisms, which melt on heating and decompose, leaving a residue of metaphosphoric acid, (HPO 3 ).

Periodate The periodate ion is IO 4 - or IO 6 5- . It comes from periodic acid. A periodate is a compound that contains this group. Note that the pronunciation is per-iodate, not period-ate.

Benzoate Benzoate is used in many soft drinks and can be identified on the label of the bottle or can as 'sodium benzoate' or E211. The taste of sodium benzoate cannot be detected by around 25 percent of the population, but for those who can taste the chemical, it tends to be perceived as sweet, salty, or sometimes bitter.

Periodic Acid In dilute solution, periodic acid exists as H+ and IO4−. When more concentrated, orthoperiodic acid, H5IO6, is formed. This can be obtained as a crystalline solid. Orthoperiodic acid can be dehydrated to metaperiodic acid, HIO4. Further heating gives diiodine pentoxide (I2O5) and oxygen; apparently the anhydride 'diiodine heptoxide' does not exist in nature but can be formed synthetically

Potassium Hydroxide Lye Of historical significance is the old method of boiling a solution of potassium carbonate (potash) with calcium hydroxide (slaked lime). A metathesis reaction occurs, precipitating calcium carbonate, leaving potassium hydroxide in solution Ca(OH)2 (s), (aq) + K2CO3 (aq) → CaCO3 (s) + 2 KOH (aq)

Caustic Potash Lye Filtering off the precipitated calcium carbonate, and boiling down the solution gives potassium hydroxide ("calcinated or caustic potash"). This method used potash extracted from wood ashes and slaked lime. Probably known since antiquity, it was the most important method of producing potassium hydroxide until the late 19th century,[citation needed] when it was largely replaced by the modern method of electrolysis of potassium chloride solutions, analogous to the method of manufacturing sodium hydroxide

Aluminium Sulfate Aluminium sulfate is rarely, if ever, encountered as the anhydrous salt. It forms a number of different hydrates, of which the hexadecahydrate Al 2 (SO 4 ) 3 •16H 2 O and octadecahydrate Al 2 (SO 4 ) 3 •18H 2 O are the most common. Heptadecahydrate, which formula can be written as [Al(H 2 O) 6 ] 2 (SO 4 ) 3 •5H 2 O, occurs naturally as the mineral alunogen.

Metaperiodate Two forms of periodates exist. One relating to the acid HIO 4 , the other relating to H 5 IO 6 . The former results in metaperiodates (meta- meaning less water) and the latter, orthoperiodates (ortho- meaning more water). Metaperiodates have solubilities and chemical properties similar to perchlorates (similar but larger ion size) though they are less oxidizing than perchlorates.

Calcium Dihydrogen Phosphate It is usually found as the dihydrate, with the chemical formula of CaHPO 4 • 2H 2 O, but it can be thermally converted to the anhydrous form. It is practically insoluble in water, with a solubility of 0.02 g per 100 mL at 25 °C. It contains about 23 percent calcium in its anyhydrous form, and is mainly used as a dietary supplement in prepared breakfast cereals, enriched flour, and noodle products. It is also used as a tableting agent in some pharmaceutical preparations.

Ammonium Periodate Sodium periodate can refer to two different chemical compounds which are essentially sodium salts of the two varieties of periodate ion. Sodium metaperiodate (often abbreviated as m-periodate) has the formula NaIO4. Sodium orthoperiodate (often abbreviated as o-periodate) has the formula Na5IO6. Both salts are useful in certain synthetic chemistries for the oxidative power of the periodate ion. Density is 3,865 kg m-3. It is soluble in water. When heated, it decomposes to form sodium iodate, NaIO3 and oxygen. This decomposition reaction is catalyzed by the presence of m

Sodium Bifluoride Oxygen difluoride was first reported in 1929; it was obtained by the electrolysis of molten potassium fluoride and hydrofluoric acid containing small quantities of water.[2][3] The modern preparation entails the reaction of fluorine with a dilute aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide 2F 2 + 2NaOH - OF 2 + 2NaF + H 2 O

Benzoic Acid Benzoic acid, C 7 H 6 O 2 (or C 6 H 5 COOH), is a colorless crystalline solid and the simplest aromatic carboxylic acid. The name derived from gum benzoin, which was for a long time the only source for benzoic acid. This weak acid and its salts are used as a food preservative. Benzoic acid is an important precursor for the synthesis of many other organic substances

Dicalcium Phosphate Dicalcium phosphate, also known as calcium monohydrogen phosphate, is a dibasic calcium phosphate. It is usually found as the dihydrate, with the chemical formula of CaHPO 4 • 2H 2 O, but it can be thermally converted to the anhydrous form. It is practically insoluble in water, with a solubility of 0.02 g per 100 mL at 25 °C. It contains about 23 percent calcium in its anyhydrous form, and is mainly used as a dietary supplement in prepared breakfast cereals, enriched flour, and noodle products. It is also used as a tableting agent in some pharmaceutical preparation

Potassium Ortho Periodate Periodate (from 'hydrates of carbon') or saccharides (Greek σάκχαρον meaning "sugar") are the most abundant of the four major classes of biomolecules, which also include proteins, lipids and nucleic acids. They fill numerous roles in living things, such as the storage and transport of energy (starch, glycogen) and structural components (cellulose in plants, chitin in animals). Additionally, carbohydrates and their derivatives play major roles in the working process of the immune system, fertilization, pathogenesis, b

Sodium Periodate Sodium periodate can refer to two different chemical compounds which are essentially sodium salts of the two varieties of periodate ion. Sodium metaperiodate (often abbreviated as m-periodate) has the formula NaIO4. Sodium orthoperiodate (often abbreviated as o-periodate) has the formula Na5IO6. Both salts are useful in certain synthetic chemistries for the oxidative power of the periodate ion.

Potassium Permanganate Potassium permanganate is the chemical compound KMnO4. In this salt, manganese is in the +7 oxidation state. The salt is also known as "permanganate of potash." The permanganate ion is a strong oxidizing agent. It dissolves in water to give deep purple solutions, evaporation of which gives prismatic purplish-black glistening crystals.[1] It has a sweet flavour.

Zinc Hydroxide Zinc hydroxide Zn(OH)2 is an inorganic chemical compound. It also occurs naturally as 3 rare minerals: wülfingite (orthorhombic), ashoverite and sweetite (both tetragonal

Alum Non Ferric- Ferric When dissolved in a large amount of neutral or slightly-alkaline water, aluminium sulfate produces a gelatinous precipitate of aluminium hydroxide, Al(OH)3. In dyeing and printing cloth, the gelatinous precipitate helps the dye adhere to the clothing fibers by rendering the pigment insoluble.

Difluoride Oxygen difluoride is the chemical compound with the formula OF2. As predicted by VSEPR theory, the molecule adopts a bent structure like H2O, but it has very different properties, being a strong oxidant.

CARBONATE The carbonate ion is a polyatomic anion with the empirical formula CO32− and a molecular mass of 60.01 daltons; it consists of one central carbon atom surrounded by three identical oxygen atoms in a trigonal planar arrangement. The carbonate ion carries a negative two formal charge and is the conjugate base of the hydrogen carbonate ion, HCO3−, which is the conjugate base of H2CO3, carbonic acid.

Aluminium Sulphate Aluminium sulfate, written as Al 2 (SO 4 ) 3 or Al 2 O 12 S 3 , is a widely used industrial chemical. It is sometimes incorrectly referred to as alum, as it is closely related to this group of compounds. It occurs naturally as a rare mineral millosevichite, found i.e. in volcanic environments and on burning coal-mining waste dumps. It is frequently used as a flocculating agent in the purification of drinking water[1][2] and waste water treatment plants, and also in paper manufacturing.

Aluminium Sulfate Ferric Aluminium sulfate is the active ingredient of some antiperspirants; however, beginning in 2005 the US Food and Drug Administration no longer recognized it as a wetness reducer.

Ammonium Difluoride This substance is commonly called "commercial ammonium fluoride". The word "neutral" is sometimes added to "ammonium fluoride" to represent the neutral salt - [NH4]F. As the acid salt contains a higher percentage of fluoride by mass, it is usually used in preference to the neutral salt in the etching of glass.

Potassium Meta Periodate They fill numerous roles in living things, such as the storage and transport of energy (starch, glycogen) and structural components (cellulose in plants, chitin in animals). Additionally, carbohydrates and their derivatives play major roles in the working process of the immune system, fertilization, pathogenesis, blood clotting, and development

Potassium Periodate Potassium periodate has formula KIO4. Density is 3,618 kg m-3. It melts at 581.85 °C and has a molecular weight of 230.0 g/mol. It is slightly soluble in water (one of the less soluble of potassium salts, owing to a large anion), giving rise to a solution that is slightly alkaline. On heating (especially with manganese(IV) oxide as catalyst), it decomposes to form potassium iodate, releasing oxygen gas.

Stearate Stearic acid is also used as a parting compound when making plaster castings from a plaster piece mold or waste mold and when making the mold from a shellacked clay original. In this use, powdered stearic acid is dissolved in water and the solution is brushed onto the surface to be parted after casting.

Potassium Difluoride Like other sources of the fluoride ion, F - , KHF is poisonous, although lethal doses approach gram levels for humans. It is harmful by inhalation and ingestion, highly corrosive and skin contact may cause severe burns.

Aluminium Sulfate Non-Ferric When dissolved in a large amount of neutral or slightly-alkaline water, aluminium sulfate produces a gelatinous precipitate of aluminium hydroxide, Al(OH) 3 . In dyeing and printing cloth, the gelatinous precipitate helps the dye adhere to the clothing fibers by rendering the pigment insoluble

Barium Carbonate Barium carbonate (BaCO3), also known as witherite, is a chemical compound used in rat poison, bricks and cement.

Sodium Sulfite Sodium sulfite (sodium sulphite) is a soluble compound of sodium. Its chemical formula is Na 2 SO 3 . It has a molecular weight of 126.04. It is a product of SO 2 scrubbing, a part of the flue gas desulfurization process. It is also used as a preservative to prevent dried fruit from discoloring, and for preserving meats, and is used in the same way as sodium thiosulfate to convert elemental halides to their respective acids, in photography and for reducing chlorine levels in pools.

Potassium Periodate Meta PPM is used as a standard strong acid in analytical chemistry. It may be used to standardize solutions of both weak and strong bases, with methyl red or methyl orange as the indicator.

Sodium Difluoride Sodium Difluoride is toxic. Ingested, a lethal dose of fluoride for a 70 kg human could be around 5 to 10 g[1]; however, the minimum lethal dose is approximately 5 mg per 1 kg in body weight[4], which is 350 mg (0.35 g) fluoride for a 70 kg human. Even so, acute toxicity can occur in much lower doses.[5] A tube of toothpaste may generally contain anywhere from 1000 ppm to 5000 ppm (1000 mg to 5000 mg) of sodium fluoride

Witherite Witherite crystallizes in the orthorhombic system. The crystals are invariably twinned together in groups of three, giving rise to pseudo-hexagonal forms somewhat resembling bipyramidal crystals of quartz, the faces are usually rough and striated horizontally.

Potassium Periodate It is slightly soluble in water (one of the less soluble of potassium salts, owing to a large anion), giving rise to a solution that is slightly [[alkaline]]. On heating (especially with [[manganese(IV) oxide]] as catalyst), it decomposes to form potassium iodate, releasing oxygen gas.

Stearic Acid Stearic acid is prepared by treating animal fat with water at a high pressure and temperature, leading to the hydrolysis of triglycerides. It can also be obtained from the hydrogenation of some unsaturated vegetable oils. Common stearic acid is actually a mix of stearic acid and palmitic acid, although purified stearic acid is available separately

Ammonium Sulfate Ammonium sulfate is not soluble in alcohol or liquid ammonia. The compound is slightly hygroscopic and absorbs water from the air at relative humidity > 81% (at ca. 20°C).

Sodium Persulphate Sodium persulfate (Na 2 S 2 O 8 ) is a chemical compound. It is a strong oxidizer. It is a severe irritant of skin, eyes, and respiratory system. It is almost non-hygroscopic and has particularly good ability to be stored for long time. It is easy and safe to handle. It is not combustible, but releases oxygen easily and assists combustion of other materials.

Octadecanoic Acid Stearic acid (IUPAC systematic name: octadecanoic acid) is one of the useful types of saturated fatty acids that come from many animal and vegetable fats and oils. It is a waxy solid, and its chemical formula is C18H36O2. Its name comes from the Greek word stéar (genitive: stéatos), which means tallow. The salts and esters of stearic acid are called stearates.

Barium Sulfate Barium sulfate is a white crystalline solid with the chemical formula BaSO 4 . It is poorly soluble in water and other traditional solvents but is soluble in concentrated sulfuric acid. The mineral barite is composed largely of barium sulfate and is a common ore of barium.

Sodium Ortho Periodate Sodium Ortho periodate catalyzed sulfonylation of aromatics with p-toluenesulfonyl chloride gives the corresponding sulfones in good yield under neutral conditions

Hydrogen Fluoride Hydrogen fluoride is a chemical compound with the formula HF. Together with hydrofluoric acid, it is the principal industrial source of fluorine and hence the precursor to many important compounds including pharmaceuticals and polymers (e.g. Teflon).

Calcium Carbonate Calcium carbonate is a chemical compound with the chemical formula CaCO3. It is a common substance found as rock in all parts of the world, and is the main component of shells of marine organisms, snails, and eggshells. Calcium carbonate is the active ingredient in agricultural lime, and is usually the principal cause of hard water.

Ferrous Stearate It is often used as a filling agent in the manufacture of medical tablets and capsules. In this regard, the substance is also useful because it has lubricating properties, preventing ingredients from sticking to manufacturing equipment during the compression of chemical powders into solid tablets. It is used to bind sugar in hard candies. It is also a common ingredient in baby powders. In pure powder form, the substance can be a dust explosion hazard, although this issue is effectively insignificant beyond the manufacturing plants using it.

Sodium Meta Periodate Sodium periodate can be used in solution to open saccharide rings between vicinal diols leaving two aldehyde groups. This process is often used in labeling saccharides with fluorescent molecules or other tags such as biotin. Because the process requires vicinal diols, periodate oxidation is often used to selectively label RNA (ribose has vicinal diols) instead of DNA as deoxyribose does not have vicinal diols.

Ammonium Hydrogen Fluoride Ammonium hydrogen fluoride is a compound formed from ammonium fluoride and hydrogen fluoride, with hydrogen fluoride molecules occupying spaces in the ammonium fluoride crystal lattice. It is the major constituent in glass-etching fluid (though sometimes replaced by potassium hydrogen fluoride), etching occurring due to the fluorination of silicon SiO 2 (s) + 4[NH 4 ][HF 2 ] (aq) , SiF 4 (l) + 4[NH 4 ]F (aq) + 2H 2 O (l)

Calcium Sulfate Calcium sulfate is a common laboratory and industrial chemical. In the form of γ-anhydrite (the nearly anhydrous form), it is used as a desiccant. It is also used as a coagulant in products like tofu. [1] In the natural state, unrefined calcium sulfate is a translucent, crystalline white rock. When sold as a color-indicating variant under the name Drierite, it appears blue or pink due to impregnation with cobalt chloride, which functions as a moisture indicator.

Copper Carbonate Copper(II) carbonate (often called copper carbonate or cupric carbonate) is a blue-green compound (chemical formula CuCO3) forming part of the verdigris patina one sees on weathered brass, bronze, and copper. The colour can vary from bright blue to green, because there may be a mixture of both copper carbonate and basic copper carbonate in various stages of hydration. It was formerly much used as a pigment, and is still in use for artist's colours.

Chromium Sulfate FR) L'invention concerne un produit de masquage pour agent de tannage à base de sulfate de chrome, destiné à retarder la combinaison des ions chrome en solution en vue de favoriser leur pénétration dans des matières à tanner. Ce produit comprend un mélange de formiate alcalin et de sulfite alcalin qui réagissent en synergie pour assurer une fixation quasi-totale et irréversible du chrome sur les peaux. On constate un épuisement quasi-total des bains de tannage et un relargage très faible lors des opérations ultérieures.

Lithium Carbonate Lithium carbonate is a chemical compound with the formula Li2CO3. This colourless salt is widely used in the processing of metal oxide and has received attention for its use in psychiatry.

Calcium Stearate Calcium stearate melts at about 88 °C, is not soluble in water, and is generally considered safe for human consumption. Because it is widely regarded as harmless, it is often used as a filling agent in the manufacture of medical tablets and capsules. In this regard, the substance is also useful because it has lubricating properties, preventing ingredients from sticking to manufacturing equipment during the compression of chemical powders into solid tablets. It is used to bind sugar in hard candies.

Sodium Periodate Meta Sodium periodate is used to oxidize cellulose and create a biocompatible and biodegradable compound that can be used as suture, as a scaffold for tissue engineering, or for drug delivery.

Potassium Hydrogen Fluoride Fluoride salts were used widely to enhance the strength of teeth by the formation of fluoroapatite, a naturally occurring component of tooth enamel. In some areas in the United States, NaF was once used to fluoridate drinking water but its use has been displaced by hexafluorosilicic acid (H2SiF 6 ) or its sodium salt (Na 2 SiF 6 ).

Sodium Periodate Sodium periodate can refer to two different chemical compounds which are essentially sodium salts of the two varieties of periodate ion. Sodium metaperiodate (often abbreviated as m-periodate) has the formula NaIO 4 . Sodium orthoperiodate (often abbreviated as o-periodate) has the formula Na 5 IO 6 . Both salts are useful in certain synthetic chemistries for the oxidative power of the periodate ion.

Magnesium Stearate Magnesium stearate, also called octadecanoic acid, magnesium salt, is a white substance which is solid at room temperature. It has the chemical formula C36H70MgO4. It is a salt containing two equivalents of stearate (the anion of stearic acid) and one magnesium cation (Mg2+). Magnesium stearate melts at about 88 °C, is not soluble in water, and is generally considered safe for human consumption. Because it is widely regarded as harmless,

Magnesium Carbonate Magnesium carbonate, MgCO3, is a white solid that occurs in nature as a mineral. Several hydrated and basic forms of magnesium carbonate also exist as minerals. In addition, MgCO3 has a variety of applications

Basic Chromium Sulfate Reduction of hexavalent chromium Anhydrous sodium dichromate powder is reduced by 'burner gas' plant. Burner gas contains about 9% sulfur dioxide. The sodium dichromate is dissolved in water to make a strong solution which is pumped continuously over reaction towers filled with ceramic packings where it reacts with the sulfur dioxide bearing gas. Although the reaction is exothermic, steam injection is required to maintain the temperature and hence the reaction rate.

Sodium Hydrogen Fluoride The coated particle according to claim 1, wherein said metal fluoride is selected from the group consisting of lithium fluoride, sodium fluoride, potassium fluoride, rubidium fluoride, cesium fluoride, beryllium fluoride, magnesium fluoride, calcium fluoride, strontium fluoride, barium fluoride, aluminum fluoride, manganese (II) fluoride, iron (II) fluoride, iron (III) fluoride, cobalt (II) fluoride, copper (II) fluoride, zinc fluoride, antimony (III) fluoride, lead (II) fluoride, silver (I) fluoride, cadmium fluoride, tin (II) fluoride, tin (IV) fluoride,

Periodic Acid Periodic acid [1] is HIO 4 or H 5 IO 6 . In dilute solution, periodic acid exists as H + and IO 4 -. When more concentrated, orthoperiodic acid, H 5 IO 6 , is formed. This can be obtained as a crystalline solid. Orthoperiodic acid can be dehydrated to metaperiodic acid, HIO 4 . Further heating gives diiodine pentoxide (I 2 O 5 ) and oxygen; apparently the anhydride 'diiodine heptoxide' does not exist in nature but can be formed synthetically

Acid Fluoride Hydrofluoric acid is a solution of hydrogen fluoride in water. Together with hydrogen fluoride, hydrofluoric acid is a valued source of fluorine, being the precursor to numerous pharmaceuticals, diverse polymers (e.g. Teflon), and most other synthetic materials that contain fluorine. Hydrofluoric acid is best known to the public for its ability to dissolve glass by reacting with SiO 2 , the major component of most glasses. This dissolution process can be described as follows SiO 2 (s) + 4HF(aq) , SiF 4 (g) + 2H 2 O(l) SiO 2 (s) + 6HF(aq) , H2[SiF 6 ](aq) + 2H 2

Periodate The periodate ion is IO4− or IO65−. It comes from periodic acid. A periodate is a compound that contains this group. Note that the pronunciation is per-iodate, not period-ate.

Copper Sulfate Copper(II) sulfate is the chemical compound with the formula CuSO 4 . This salt exists as a series of compounds that differ in their degree of hydration. The anhydrous form is a pale green or gray-white powder, whereas the pentahydrate, the most commonly encountered salt, is bright blue. This hydrated copper sulfate occurs in nature as the mineral called chalcanthite. Archaic names for copper(II) sulfate are "blue vitriol" and "bluestone".[

Potassium Carbonate Potassium carbonate is a white salt, soluble in water (insoluble in alcohol), which forms a strongly alkaline solution. It can be made as the product of potassium hydroxide's absorbent reaction with carbon dioxide. It is deliquescent, often appearing a damp or wet solid. Potassium carbonate is used in the production of soap and glass.

Sodium Carbonate Sodium carbonate (also known as washing soda or soda ash), Na2CO3, is a sodium salt of carbonic acid. It most commonly occurs as a crystalline heptahydrate, which readily effloresces to form a white powder, the monohydrate. It has a cooling alkaline taste, and can be extracted from the ashes of many plants. It is synthetically produced in large quantities from table salt in a process known as the Solvay process.

Ferrous Sulfate Iron(II) sulfate is the chemical compound with the formula (FeSO 4 ). Also known as ferrous sulphate, or copperas, iron(II) sulfate is most commonly encountered as the blue-green heptahydrate. In its anhydrous, crystalline state, its standard enthalpy of formation is Solid.

Hypervalent Iodine Derivatives Chen and co-workers report a selective copper-catalyzed mono- and diarylation protocol using diaryliodonium salts. Using different bases compounds 2 and 3 are selectively obtained (K 2 CO 3 : 5% of 2 and 59% of 3; NaOAc: 59% of 2 and traces of 3). The authors use this methodology to synthesize diaryl (4, 52-85% yield) and monoaryl (5, 40-60 % yield) derivatives of uracil and thymine

Ammonium Acid Fluoride Solutions of less than 20% HF can produce pain and redness with delay up to 24 hours after skin exposure. 20 to 50% HF produces pain and redness within 8 hours, and solutions of more than 50% produce immediate burning, redness and blister formation. Contact of the skin with the anhydrous liquid produces severe burns

2-Iodoxybenzoic Acid 2-Iodoxybenzoic acid is an organic compound used in organic synthesis as an oxidizing agent. This Periodinane is especially suited to oxidize alcohols to aldehydes. The IBX acid is prepared from 2-iodobenzoic acid, potassium bromate and sulfuric acid.[1] Frigerio and co-workers have also demonstrated, in 1999 that potassium bromate may be replaced by commercially available Oxone. One of the main drawbacks of IBX is its limited solubility; IBX is insoluble in many common organic solvents. In the past, it was believed that IBX was shock sensitive, but it was later determin

Potassium Acid Fluoride Like other sources of the fluoride ion, F -, KHF is poisonous, although lethal doses approach gram levels for humans. It is harmful by inhalation and ingestion, highly corrosive and skin contact may cause severe burns

Soda Ash The most important use for sodium carbonate is in the manufacture of glass. When heated at very high temperatures, combined with sand (SiO2) and calcium carbonate (CaCO3), and cooled very rapidly, glass is produced.

Lithium Sulfate Lithium sulfate crystals, being piezoelectric, are also used in ultrasound-type non-destructive testing because they are very efficient sound generators. They do suffer in this application because of their water solubility however.

Zinc Carbonate zinc carbonate ZnCO3, a mineral ore of zinc. Historically, smithsonite was identified with hemimorphite before it was realised that they were two distinct minerals. The two minerals are very similar in appearance and the term calamine has been used for both, leading to some confusion. The distinct mineral Smithsonite was first described in 1832 and named for British chemist and mineralogist.

Sodium Acid Fluoride Where in said metal fluoride is selected from the group consisting of lithium fluoride, sodium fluoride, potassium fluoride, rubidium fluoride, cesium fluoride, beryllium fluoride, magnesium fluoride, calcium fluoride, strontium fluoride, barium fluoride, aluminum fluoride, manganese (II) fluoride, iron (II) fluoride, iron (III) fluoride, cobalt (II) fluoride, copper (II) fluoride, zinc fluoride, antimony (III) fluoride, lead (II) fluoride, silver (I) fluoride, cadmium fluoride, tin (II) fluoride, tin (IV) fluoride

Magnesium Sulfate Magnesium sulfate is a chemical compound containing magnesium and sulfate, with the formula MgSO4. In its hydrated form the pH is 6.0 (5.5 to 7.0). It is often encountered as the heptahydrate, MgSO 4 ·7H 2 O, commonly called Epsom salts. Anhydrous magnesium sulfate is used as a drying agent. Since the anhydrous form is hygroscopic (readily absorbs water from the air) and therefore harder to weigh accurately, the hydrate is often preferred when preparing solutions, for example in medical preparations. Epsom salts have traditionally been used as a component of bath salts

Dess-Martin Periodinane Dess-Martin periodinane is a chemical reagent used to oxidize primary alcohols to aldehydes and secondary alcohols to ketones.[1][2] This periodinane has several advantages over chromium- and DMSO-based oxidants that include milder conditions, shorter reaction times, higher yields, and simplified workups. It is named after the American chemists Daniel Benjamin Dess and James Cullen Martin.

Smithsonite Smithsonite, or zinc spar, is zinc carbonate ZnCO3, a mineral ore of zinc. Historically, smithsonite was identified with hemimorphite before it was realised that they were two distinct minerals. The two minerals are very similar in appearance and the term calamine has been used for both, leading to some confusion.

Fluoborate Fluoborate is the anion BF4 -. This tetrahedral species is iso electronic with many stable and important species including tetrafluomethane, CF4, and the closely related anion perchlorate, ClO4 -. It arises by the reaction of fluoride salts with the Lewis acid BF3 or by treatment of tetrafluoroboric acid with base

Iodobenzene Dichloride A highly efficient and mild procedure for the oxidation of different types of alcohols uses TEMPO as catalyst, iodobenzene dichloride as stoichiometric oxidant, and pyridine as base. Oxidation of 1,2-diols gives α-hydroxy ketones or α-diketones depending on the amount of oxidant used. High yielding procedures for the preparation of iodoarene dichlorides have been developed. X.-F. Zhao, C. Zhang, Synthesis

Manganese Sulfate Typically manganese ores are purified by their conversion to manganese sulfate. Treatment of aqueous solutions of the sulfate with sodium carbonate leads to precipitation of manganese carbonate, which can be calcined to give the oxides MnOx. Manganese dioxide reacts with sulfur dioxide to produce manganese sulfate:[2] MnO 2 + SO2 , MnSO 4

Zinc Spar Smithsonite, or zinc spar, is zinc carbonate ZnCO3, a mineral ore of zinc. Historically, smithsonite was identified with hemimorphite before it was realised that they were two distinct minerals. The two minerals are very similar in appearance and the term calamine has been used for both, leading to some confusion.

Iodobenzene Diacetate It has been discovered that the ether - forming reaction of an iodoaryl compound with an alcohol in the presence of a basic compound and a copper catalyst can be conducted with minimal formation of undesirable aryl by-products and high yield of desired products if the reaction occurs in the presence of a small but effective amount of a reducing agent, such as hydrogen gas or a ferrous metal salt

Potassium Sulfate Potassium sulfate (K 2 SO 4 ) (in British English potassium sulphate, also called sulphate of potash or archaically known as potash of sulfur) is a non-flammable white crystalline salt which is soluble in water. The chemical is commonly used in fertilizers, providing both potassium and sulfur.

Ammonium Fluoborate Organic impurities originating from the decomposition of addition agents, solution dragin, or the leaching of tank linings and racks can embrittle the copper deposit and affect the deposit's appearance and mechanical properties. A batch carbon treatment, Table VI, followed by filtration or continuous carbon filtration will remove most organics from the bath.

Diacetoxyiodo Benzene The concept of hypervalent iodine was developed by J.J. Musher in 1969. In order to accommodate the excess of electrons in hypervalent compounds the 3-center-4-electron bond was introduced in analogy with the 3-center-2-electron bond observed in electron deficient compounds. One such bond exists in iodine(III) compounds and two such bonds reside in iodine(V) compounds.

Sodium Sulfate Sodium sulfate is mainly used for the manufacture of detergents and in the Kraft process of paper pulping. About two thirds of the world's production is from mirabilite, the natural mineral form of the decahydrate, and the remainder from by-products of chemical processes such as hydrochloric acid production

Copper Fluoborate Chemistry of copper fluoborate baths. Table VII shows the composition of a typical acid copper fluoborate bath. If the fluoboric acid concentration is too low (pH above 1.7), the deposit may be dull, dark, and brittle. Add boric acid to stabilize the bath and to prevent the decomposition of the fluoborate to fluoride. The anode film and its care in a fluoborate bath are very similar to the requirements described for the copper sulfate bath.

Stannous Sulfate Chemists describe compounds using formula in various formats. For molecules, the formula for the molecular unit is shown. For polymeric materials, such as minerals and many metal oxides, the empirical formula is given, e.g. NaCl for table salt. The order of the elements in molecular and empirical formulas is C, then H and then alphabetical. Trifluoroacetic acid is thus described as C 2 HF 3 O 2 . More descriptive formulas convey structure information, illustrated again with trifluoroacetic acid. CF 3 CO 2 H. On the other hand, formulas for inorganic compounds often

Iodobenzene Diacetate The first hypervalent iodine compound, dichloroiodobenzene (C 6 H 5 Cl 2 I) was prepared in 1886 by the German chemist C. Willgerodt [1] by passing chlorine gas through iodobenzene in a cooled solution of chloroform. C 6 H 5 I + ICl 3 , C 6 H 5 ICl 2 + ICl

Lead Fluoborate Potential Acute Health Effects:Extremely hazardous in case of ingestion. Very hazardous in case of skin contact (irritant), of eye contact (irritant), of inhalation. Hazardous in case of skin contact (corrosive). Severe over-exposure can result in death. Inflammation of the eye is characterized by redness, watering, and itching. inflammation is characterized by itching, scaling, reddening, or, occasionally, blistering.

Tin Sulfate Compounds may have several possible phases. All compounds can exist as solids, at least at low enough temperatures. Molecular compounds may also exist as liquids, gases, and, in some cases, even plasmas. All compounds decompose upon applying heat.. The temperature at which such fragmentation occurs is often called the decomposition temperature. Decomposition temperatures are not sharp and depend on the rate of heating. At sufficiently high temperatures, all compounds, either after they have decomposed somehow or in the act of decomposing, fragment into smaller compounds or to ind

Iodosobenzene Diacetate Iodanes such as diarylchloroiodanes have a pseudotrigonal bipyramidal geometry displaying apicophilicity with a phenyl group and a chlorine group at the apical positions and other phenyl group with two lone pair electrons in the equatorial positions. The λ5-iodanes such as the Dess-Martin periodinane have square pyramidal geometries with 4 heteroatoms in basal positions and one apical phenyl group. Classical organic procedures exist for the preparation of iodosobenzene diacetate from peracetic acid and acetic acid [2]. C 6 H 5 I + CH 3 COOOH , C 6 H 5

Potassium Fluoborate Use : Flux for soldering and brazing, electrochemical processes, an electrolyte for metal plating. UN Number : 3288 Proper Shipping Name : TOXIC SOLID, INORGANIC, N.O.S. (POTASSIUM FLUOROBORATE) Dangerous Goods Class : 6.1 Packing Group : III

Diacetoxyiodoso Benzene The acetate can be hydrolysed with water to iodoxybenzene or iodylbenzene C 6 H 5 O 2 I [3] This compound was first prepared by Willgerodt by disproportionation of iodosylbenzene under steam distillation to iodylbenzene and iodobenzene 2 PhIO , PhIO 2 + PhI is a known oxidizing agent. Iodosobenzene diacetate can also be hydrolyzed to iodosylbenzene with sodium hydroxide which is actually a polymer with the molecular formula (C 6 H 5 OI)

Sodium Fluoborate Swallowed :Will cause severe irritation to the mouth, mucous membranes, throat, oesophagus and stomach. May result in difficult breathing, stomach pain and circulatory shock. Toxic if swallowed. Due to acid in the stomach, hydrofluoric acid will be released with systemic fluoride poisoning likely with severe and potentially fatal hypocalcemia. Eye :Will cause severe irritation to the eyes, with effects including: tearing, pain, and stinging. Depending upon duration of exposure, eye damage may occur. Skin :Will cause irritation to the skin, with effects including; re

Zinc Sulfate Other natural form of this heptahydrate is known as mineral zincmelanterite (Zn,Cu,Fe)SO 4 ·7H 2 O (structurally different from goslarite). Lower hydrates of zinc sulfate are rarely found in nature as minerals: bianchite (Zn,Fe)SO 4 ·6H 2 O, boyleite (Zn,Mg)SO4· 4 H 2 O and gunningite (Zn,Mn)SO 4 ·H 2 O.

Sulphite Sulfites occur naturally in wine. They are also added to wine. In the US, wine bottled after mid-1987 must have a label stating that they contain sulfites if they contain more than 10 parts per million. In the EU an equivalent regulation came into force in November 2005.[2] Organic wines are not necessarily sulfite-free but they have no added sulfites. Wines made with organic grapes, however, may contain up to 100 parts per million, compared to conventional wines which may contain up to 350 ppm.

Stannous Fluoborate Use : Electroplating UN Number : 3289 Proper Shipping Name : TOXIC LIQUID, CORROSIVE, INORGANIC, N.O.S. (STANNOUS FLUOROBORATE 47%, FLUOROBORIC ACID 4%) Dangerous Goods Class : 6.1 Subsidiary risk : 8 Packing Group : II Hazchem Code : 2X Poison Schedule : S6 NOTE : The product potentially contains residual amounts of free HF.

Phenyliodine Iodosylbenzene is used in organic oxidations. Dess-Martin periodinane (1983) is another powerful oxidant and an improvement of the IBX acid already in existence in 1893. The IBX acid is prepared from 2-iodobenzoic acid and potassium bromate and sulfuric acid [5] and is insoluble in most solvents whereas the Dess-Martin reagent prepared from reaction of the IBX acid with acetic anhydride is very soluble. The oxidation mechanism ordinarily consists of a ligand exchange reaction followed by a reductive elimination.

Potassium Sulphite Potassium sulfite (potassium sulphite) is a chemical compound which is the salt of potassium cation and sulfite anion. As a food additive

Iodosobenzene Diacetate The predominant use of hypervalent iodine compounds is that of oxidizing reagent replacing many toxic reagents based on heavy metals [6]. Current research focuses on their use in carbon-carbon and carbon-heteroatom bond forming reactions. In one study such reaction, an intramolecular C-N coupling of an alkoxyhydroxylamine to its anisole group is accomplished with a catalytic amount of aryliodide in trifluoroethanol

Tin Fluoborate Swallowed : Toxic if swallowed.Will cause burns to the mouth, mucous membranes, throat, oesophagus and stomach. May cause headache, nausea and vomiting. If sufficient quantities are ingested (swallowed) death may occur. Eye : Will cause burns to the eyes with effects including: Pain, tearing, conjunctivitis and if duration of exposure is long enough, blindness will occur.

Fluoroborate Fluoroborate is the anion BF 4 -. This tetrahedral species is isoelectronic with many stable and important species including tetrafluomethane, CF 4 , and the closely related anion perchlorate, ClO 4 -. It arises by the reaction of fluoride salts with the Lewis acid BF 3 or by treatment of tetrafluoroboric acid with base

Sodium Sulphite In chemistry, sodium sulphite is a soluble compound of sodium. Its chemical formula is Na 2 SO 3 . It has a molecular weight of 126.04. It is a product of SO 2 scrubbing, a part of the flue gas desulphurisation process. It is also used as a preservative to prevent dried fruit from discoloring, and for preserving meats, and is used in the same way as sodium thiosulphate to convert elemental halides to their respective acids, in photography and for reducing chlorine levels in pools.

Diphenyliodonium Iodide Reaction the periodinane (depicted as intermediate A) is formed by oxidation of the aryliodide with the sacrificial catalyst mCPBA which in turn converts the hydroxylamine group to a nitrenium ion B. This ion is the electrophile in ipso addition to the aromatic ring forming a lactam with a enone group.

Ammonium Fluoroborate SKIN : Promptly wash with plenty of soap and water, then flush with water until all chemical is removed. Get medical attention for any irritation. Promptly remove contaminated clothing and wash before reuse. EYES : Immediately flush eyes with large quantities of water for 15-20 minutes, holding eyelids open to allow: thorough flushing. Get medical attention for potential corneal damage.

Sulfite Sulfites occur naturally in wine. They are also added to wine. In the US, wine bottled after mid-1987 must have a label stating that they contain sulfites if they contain more than 10 parts per million. In the EU an equivalent regulation came into force in November 2005.[1] Organic wines are not necessarily sulfite-free but they have no added sulfites.

Iodosobenzene Iodanes or as a +5 oxidation number as iodine(V) or λ5-iodanes. Iodine itself contains 7 valence electrons and in a λ3-iodane three more are donated by the ligands making it a decet structure. λ5-iodanes are dodecet molecules. In an ordinary iodine compound such as iodobenzene the number of valence electrons is eight as expected. In order to get from iodine to a hypervalent iodine compound it gets oxidized with removal of first 3 electrons and then 5 electrons. The ligands in turn contribute electrons pairs and form coordinate covalent bonds by adding a total of

Iodosylbenzene Periodinanes are chemical compounds containing hypervalent iodine. These iodine compounds are hypervalent because the iodine atom in it contains more than the 8 electrons in the valence shell required for the octet rule. When iodine is complexed with a monodentate electronegative ligand such as chlorine, iodine compounds occur with a +3 oxidation number as iodine(III

Copper Fluoroborate Person-related safety precautions:Wear protective equipment. Keep unprotected persons away. Ensure adequate ventilation Measures for environmental protection:Do not allow material to be released to the environment without proper governmental permits.

Potassium Sulfite Potassium sulfite (potassium sulphite) is a chemical compound which is the salt of potassium cation and sulfite anion. As a food additive it is used as a preservative under the E number E225.

Periodinanes Periodinanes are chemical compounds containing hypervalent iodine. These iodine compounds are hypervalent because the iodine atom in it contains more than the 8 electrons in the valence shell required for the octet rule. When iodine is complexed with a monodentate electronegative ligand such as chlorine, iodine compounds occur with a +3 oxidation number as iodine(III

Lead Fluoroborate Eye Contact:Check for and remove any contact lenses. Immediately flush eyes with running water for at least 15 minutes, keeping eyelids open. Cold water may be used. Do not use an eye ointment. Seek medical attention.

Persulphate The term persulphate refers to ions or compounds with more oxygen than normal sulfates. These do not have sulfur in a different oxidation state; rather, they contain peroxide units, where two oxygens take the place of one in a normal sulfate; the oxygen atoms are in oxidation state - 1.

Ammonium persulphate Ammonium persulphate (NH 4 ) 2 S 2 O 8 has been prepared by H. Marshall[1] by the method used for the preparation of Potassium persulfate. It is very soluble in cold water, a large fall of temperature accompanying solution. It is a very strong oxidizing agent and a radical initiator. It is used to etch copper on printed circuit boards as an alternative to ferric chloride solution[citation needed] It is also used along with tetramethylethylenediamine to catalyze the polymerization of acrylamide in making a polyacrylamide gel.

Potassium Fluoroborate SPECIAL FIRE FIGHTING PROCEDURES: Emits toxic fumes under fire conditions. Self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) required for fire-fighting personnel. Use water spray to spray to cool fire-exposed surfaces and to protect personnel. Flammability Not combustible. If involved in a fire may generate toxic and corrosive fumes.

Paraben Parabens are a group of chemicals widely used as preservatives in the cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries. Parabens are effective preservatives in many types of formulas. These compounds, and their salts, are used primarily for their bacteriocidal and fungicidal properties. They can be found in shampoos, commercial moisturizers, shaving gels, cleansing gels, personal lubricants, topical/parenteral pharmaceuticals, spray tanning solution and toothpaste. They are also used as food additives.

Sodium Fluoroborate Physical state and appearance : Solid. Molecular Weight : 109.82 g/mole Boiling Point : Decomposes. Melting Point : 384°C (723.2°F) Specific Gravity : 2.47 (Water = 1

Potassium Persulphate Potassium persulphate (K2S2O8) is a chemical compound. It is a food additive and it is used in organic chemistry as an oxidizing agent for instance in the Elbs persulfate oxidation Conditions/substances to avoid are: heat, flames, ignition sources, powdered metals, phosphorus, hydrides, organic matter, halogens, acids and alkalis.

Benzyl Paraben Assessing human exposure to parabens usually involves measuring in urine the conjugated or free species of parabens or their metabolites. In animals, parabens are mostly hydrolyzed to p-hydroxybenzoic acid and excreted in the urine as conjugates. Still, monitoring urinary concentrations of p-hydroxybenzoic acid is not necessarily the best way to assess exposure to parabens. p-Hydroxybenzoic acid is a nonspecific biomarker, and the varying estrogenic bioactivities of parabens require specific biomarkers. Therefore, we evaluated the use of free and conjugated parent parabens as

Persulfate The term persulfate refers to ions or compounds with more oxygen than normal sulfates. These do not have sulfur in a different oxidation state; rather, they contain peroxide units, where two oxygens take the place of one in a normal sulfate; the oxygen atoms are in oxidation state -1.

Ammonium Persulfate Ammonium persulfate (NH4)2S2O8 has been prepared by H. Marshall[1] by the method used for the preparation of Potassium persulfate. It is very soluble in cold water, a large fall of temperature accompanying solution. It is a very strong oxidizing agent and a radical initiator. It is used to etch copper on printed circuit boards as an alternative to ferric chloride solution[citation needed] It is also used along with tetramethylethylenediamine to catalyze the polymerization of acrylamide in making a polyacrylamide gel.

We offer different acids like hydrofluoric acid, sulphuric acid, oxalic acid etc.

Phosphotungstic acid (PTA), tungstophosphoric acid (TPA), is a heteropoly acid with the chemical formula H3P W12O40. It normally present as a hydrate. EPTA is the name of ethanolic phosphotungstic acid, its alcohol solution used in biology. It has the appearance of small, colorless-grayish or slightly yellow-green crystals, with melting point 89 °C (24 H2O hydrate). It is odorless and soluble in w