An Introductory Note

Primarily used to convey liquid, gas and solid matter, pipes have also grown to find extensive usage in construction projects. Pipes are the only profile shapes with similar material cross-sections to be endowed with high flexibility, and are thus vital load-bearing elements in building and other structures. However, with changes in the environment, the size of the piping also changes. The change may be minute, but in a long series of piping, it can resul